Date: Mon, 10 Dec 2001 16:55:03 +0100 From: Nils Holland <nils@tisys.org> To: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Subject: Understaning the files in /stand (a little long, sorry) Message-ID: <20011210165503.A290@tisys.org>
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Hi folks, From what I understand, the files in /stand are mostly thought to be there for fixit purposes. However, I just found something about these files that I somehow don't seem to understand. Have a look at a piece of ls -l /stand from three of my machines: poison: total 57681 -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 -sh -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 [ -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 arp -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 boot_crunch -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 cpio -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 dhclient -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6690 Sep 18 21:21 dhclient-script drwx------ 3 root wheel 512 Dec 1 01:30 etc -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 1865544 Sep 18 20:58 find From what I understand, the number before the name of the owner of the file (mostly 31 above) is the number of hard links to the given file (or rather inode). I will come back to that below, but first of all, I have the following question: Any clue why the modification date of all files shown here is September 18? I did a make installworld on that machine just Saturday. So, shouldn't the modification date be last Saturday? On another machine, it is, as can be seen here: jodie: total 14777 -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 -sh -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 [ -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 arp -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 boot_crunch -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 cpio -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 dhclient -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6690 Sep 18 21:21 dhclient-script drwx------ 3 root wheel 512 Oct 13 15:22 etc -r-xr-xr-x 31 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 find On my second machine, jodie, the modification time is indeed the date of my last make world, so last Saturday. However, the files seem to be smaller on this machine than in the example from the previous machine. Strangely, however, one any of the two machines, the files seem to have the same size. Or isn't the number before the date the size? I guess it should by, but I doubt that all files in /stand are equally large. Probably it's also the inode number being displayed here, but I can't remember that this was mentioned in the ls manpage. Now, let's have a look at yet another machine: colt: total 14777 -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 -sh -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 [ -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 arp -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 boot_crunch -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 cpio -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 dhclient -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 6690 Sep 18 21:21 dhclient-script drwx------ 3 root wheel 512 Dec 10 16:02 etc -r-xr-xr-x 1 root wheel 448468 Dec 8 11:33 find Now, remember that I mentioned the number before the name of the author being the number of hardlinks to the file/inode? Well, strangely, as you can see above, there's only a 1 being shown on this machine, while a 31 is being shown on the other machines. Strange, somehow. I'd appreciate it if someone could give me a few hints on what I have told above. Prticularely, I'm interested in the following: (1) What's up with this (hard link) number in front of the owner name? How comes that it is 1 on one of my machines and 31 on teh others. I replcaed a hard disk in the "1" machine recently and thus copied everything over to a new disk, probably this has to do with the difference. However, is this something to worry about? (2) Is the number before the date really gthe size of a file, or is it, like I have guessed, an inode number? I really cannot imagine that all files in /stand are of equal size - how could that be? Any hints are welcome - thanks in advance! Greetings Nils -- Nils Holland Ti Systems - FreeBSD in Tiddische, Germany http://www.tisys.org * nils@tisys.org To Unsubscribe: send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org with "unsubscribe freebsd-questions" in the body of the message
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