From nobody Mon Jun 30 06:24:11 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bVx2Y4Z0Hz602h6 for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 06:24:21 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Received: from beesty.loosely.org (beesty.loosely.org [IPv6:2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bVx2W0wYwz3Bxr for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 06:24:18 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org designates 2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org; dmarc=none Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=beesty ident=itz) by beesty with esmtp (Exim 4.98.1-5-133ee3edc) (envelope-from ) id 1uW7w2-000000002QO-3Q4r for questions@freebsd.org; Sun, 29 Jun 2025 23:24:11 -0700 Date: Sun, 29 Jun 2025 23:24:11 -0700 From: fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org To: questions@freebsd.org Subject: Re: base and ports vulnerabilities Message-ID: Mail-Followup-To: questions@freebsd.org References: <9a8fd6fc-36d2-45cf-88aa-9d55a35cf82a@gmail.com> List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: X-Spamd-Result: default: False [2.86 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.99)[0.987]; NEURAL_SPAM_SHORT(0.97)[0.974]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:63949, ipnet:2600:3c01::/32, country:SG]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; FROM_NO_DN(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[aceecat.org]; RECEIVED_HELO_LOCALHOST(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bVx2W0wYwz3Bxr X-Spamd-Bar: ++ On Sun, Jun 29, 2025 at 07:24:18AM +0100, Graham Perrin wrote: > is > a security advisory that mentions CVE IDs but not VuXML. > > is the VuXML entry for SA-24:09.libnv. But this case is different from the two I pointed out in my OP, in a way that makes me fear those two just "fell through the cracks". CVE-2024-45287 (the one you give, in libnv) is in code that is unquestionably specific to freebsd. It was reported to freebsd by external researchers and *freebsd itself* allocated the CVE. My two are in libarchive, which exists as an independent project from which freebsd seems to merge now and then. The bugs were reported against the upstream project and have been fixed there for months. Indeed, there is a port which is up to a fixed version -- 3.7.9. But the code in base is a vulnerable version -- somewhere after 3.5.1. At this point, freebsd has no relationship to the CVEs, doesn't even seem to know about them. That is precisely the problem. So my question now is, what can I do to help get this fixed? The process in https://www.freebsd.org/security/ seems to be only for freebsd specific code, IOW for problems like yours in libnv. -- Ian From nobody Mon Jun 30 08:15:36 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bVzWp3lJ2z609fW for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 08:16:22 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from kudzu@tenebras.com) Received: from mail-pj1-x1029.google.com (mail-pj1-x1029.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::1029]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bVzWn5BQLz414w for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 08:16:21 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from kudzu@tenebras.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=tenebras-com.20230601.gappssmtp.com header.s=20230601 header.b=1R6ZRgyW; 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Mon, 30 Jun 2025 01:16:14 -0700 (PDT) List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: Michael Sierchio Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2025 10:15:36 +0200 X-Gm-Features: Ac12FXzdWrnV8j-_tZ0PmVx8pmbu7dy7mEk2Q0oiJ9sd0v93nsTgSWy2n0zx2Os Message-ID: Subject: Re: Root mount waiting for: CAM To: hlyg Cc: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-3.30 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-1.00)[-1.000]; NEURAL_HAM_LONG(-1.00)[-0.998]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-0.998]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[tenebras-com.20230601.gappssmtp.com:s=20230601]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2607:f8b0::/32, country:US]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; TO_DN_SOME(0.00)[]; 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What's in your /boot/loader.conf? 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FORGED_MUA_THUNDERBIRD_MSGID_UNKNOWN(2.50)[]; MISSING_TO(2.00)[]; ARC_ALLOW(-1.00)[microsoft.com:s=arcselector10001:i=1]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-1.00)[-1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(0.78)[0.782]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[outlook.com,none]; NEURAL_SPAM_SHORT(0.27)[0.274]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2a01:111:f403:c000::/51:c]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[outlook.com:s=selector1]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; FREEMAIL_ENVFROM(0.00)[outlook.com]; DWL_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[outlook.com:dkim]; FREEMAIL_FROM(0.00)[outlook.com]; ASN(0.00)[asn:8075, ipnet:2a01:111:f000::/36, country:US]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROMTLD(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[outlook.com:+] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bW1qL0Wc7z3lNC X-Spamd-Bar: ++ On 6/30/25 04:15, Michael Sierchio wrote: >> What values are you using for these? What's in your /boot/loader.conf? default /boot/loader.conf is empty i have tried "kern.cam.boot_delay", "kern.cam.boot_delay=60" and "kern.cam.boot_delay=0", they don't help i have used google, keywords="Root mount waiting for: CAM", and can't find solution i have reset dell thin client bios to default, it doesn't help i have given up as this isn't important to me i can't waste time, developers have made mistake i suggest you give up too as you are aware "This may or may not help" From nobody Mon Jun 30 11:56:35 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bW4Qn1JDkz60P17 for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 11:57:21 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from kudzu@tenebras.com) Received: from mail-pl1-x62c.google.com (mail-pl1-x62c.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::62c]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bW4Qm5hgKz3N0l for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 11:57:20 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from kudzu@tenebras.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; none Received: by mail-pl1-x62c.google.com with SMTP id d9443c01a7336-2350b1b9129so10438085ad.0 for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 04:57:20 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=tenebras-com.20230601.gappssmtp.com; s=20230601; t=1751284634; x=1751889434; darn=freebsd.org; h=content-transfer-encoding:cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from :in-reply-to:references:mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date :message-id:reply-to; bh=HvCQYafUB2J1HHe1tGABiF6lWkgk+b/DTp7//eGWtaA=; b=qXrFfLQ5plDM7tOmn/e0FgmS3PYEKrJd6bv9xvZdSY5j7VfsqXHjPM26olt0SpwQ59 Ugh/vvtFh48uXItKuy/Qhp7gOHrfTL2pgw6LJuJi+r1oySTOlzKyzH0O1V8TRdIu5MTz rrDhvn4QU1fXUxTVQfPhs+SJMKYZIDWuE1F5+eXmWcu8XdpU+r8kjLncpH2ZauSkNSUc RQ5+NpproenUgl4/LpSxkgALp3I8Qqun5S6VyAx5SccxiOmN1hPU7TuIHCLedRO3hUng enjSgejHNfMKrz1pvFDEOgGPowemABKU/+0yxH3vlvdv4jTQhgIFEsqwHVSskPB8zbsG Y3nA== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1751284634; x=1751889434; h=content-transfer-encoding:cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from :in-reply-to:references:mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc :subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=HvCQYafUB2J1HHe1tGABiF6lWkgk+b/DTp7//eGWtaA=; b=o0HJX/XhWfvgleyS1cNA3OZA0RpFUxggPiL96zcTSzS7YW2ic/l8WiYOpzpk/KByWR 78XRkxJ3UVQIpqWT23ru5xpIE6o1csTRMbsoprwL5TLwODjiW6qTRSA3r10BWq6sfKIJ 0wl0rLA3YscDmiwQukDLXWCUD0/APd2z1eBefpaGW5rPPjpXdvvwSnzlCdqd5tHNverH 3dx00xqauSA02/RsARuUJBAhNHKz9wE2VlYCp12N71aogKqTnVfBs2lbsiIuBXueG+zr HR+8vVFv4U1hgR0YSPUtAdHmOwg2KwHbhPGegB1y/JdrXQyHfsiJH/YmXYUjGVSjP8Ny 5K4A== X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0Yxh36/eaM9DJxMGGNaCb4GyUUqkrmh1E7vrMNM5yGY7USshQV5O oPvlfH2PLchhs5ZjoDf1ODpczKb0HwYKvea1fK7RgaF7sGQNXguDLS4BmZ+d27uwgFHLzsTHJpY v0MNMBxyf2jxD6IepTbasOUWxE1oB7j0k8BM25q7xiw== X-Gm-Gg: ASbGncvSMacHev6nU9tLJhWLfmPsYPrppV12R0TBCYg7VcteiWg83StYedy9+nFREoD 2Q8j1t8nQeih1S56/anw3SbHrQCpHJxyo475aI09gpVbWaI+qbS6V1e9r7JNJsmByMx1IqxO2De /oevUzzPeoC6vL6EVBIm+7TOAcaaN22h2YW84esR+8sFM= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AGHT+IGVepXLrAEfdGXu05Rv/TwSiI7/DEUt449jRGpcg7UqblAYpwbFS6I8mqSuHsvfmZBqlSJOqURXBTjqpPWle8c= X-Received: by 2002:a17:90b:4d07:b0:311:d05c:936 with SMTP id 98e67ed59e1d1-318c92c9a4emr20683499a91.17.1751284633829; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 04:57:13 -0700 (PDT) List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: Michael Sierchio Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2025 13:56:35 +0200 X-Gm-Features: Ac12FXyPQxOUuSfEw6MlUC6KqyGvxaxBi7XKp9HP50UT8-jjC9P_1n4f9bJ9qpo Message-ID: Subject: Re: Root mount waiting for: CAM To: hlyg Cc: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bW4Qm5hgKz3N0l X-Spamd-Bar: ---- X-Rspamd-Pre-Result: action=no action; module=replies; Message is reply to one we originated X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-4.00 / 15.00]; REPLY(-4.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2607:f8b0::/32, country:US] Those are milliseconds, and your hardware needs a delay. Try kern.cam.boot_delay=3D10000 kern.cam.scsi_delay=3D5000 On Mon, Jun 30, 2025 at 12:00=E2=80=AFPM hlyg wrote: > > On 6/30/25 04:15, Michael Sierchio wrote: > >> What values are you using for these? What's in your /boot/loader.conf= ? > > > default /boot/loader.conf is empty > i have tried "kern.cam.boot_delay", "kern.cam.boot_delay=3D60" and > "kern.cam.boot_delay=3D0", they don't help > > i have used google, keywords=3D"Root mount waiting for: CAM", and can't > find solution > > i have reset dell thin client bios to default, it doesn't help > > i have given up as this isn't important to me > > i can't waste time, developers have made mistake > > i suggest you give up too as you are aware "This may or may not help" > > From nobody Mon Jun 30 14:24:26 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bW7hf3nbfz60XbF for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 14:24:34 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from panos.manganaris@gmail.com) Received: from mail-qk1-x735.google.com (mail-qk1-x735.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::735]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bW7hd70v0z4Fj7 for ; 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Mon, 30 Jun 2025 07:24:27 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([152.7.255.196]) by smtp.gmail.com with UTF8SMTPSA id af79cd13be357-7d4587ec898sm239440485a.25.2025.06.30.07.24.27 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Mon, 30 Jun 2025 07:24:27 -0700 (PDT) From: Panayotis Manganaris To: Bob Melson , freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Subject: Re: PPD file for Epson XP-7100 In-Reply-To: <69746cdd-4a22-4cca-863c-366501f2e33c@att.net> References: <69746cdd-4a22-4cca-863c-366501f2e33c@att.net> Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2025 10:24:26 -0400 Message-ID: List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-1.97 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-0.999]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(0.97)[0.968]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-0.93)[-0.935]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[gmail.com,none]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2607:f8b0:4000::/36:c]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[gmail.com:s=20230601]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RECEIVED_HELO_LOCALHOST(0.00)[]; FREEMAIL_ENVFROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; RCPT_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; FREEMAIL_TO(0.00)[att.net,freebsd.org]; FREEMAIL_FROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; TO_DN_SOME(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; DWL_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[gmail.com:dkim]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_SOME(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; TAGGED_FROM(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2607:f8b0::/32, country:US]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[gmail.com:+]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[2607:f8b0:4864:20::735:from] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bW7hd70v0z4Fj7 X-Spamd-Bar: - Bob Melson writes: > =C2=A0Re: my email below ... Having read the documentation on git, I'm l= eft=20 > wondering if a ppd file is even necessary. Hi Bob -- It appears the XP-7100 supports Internet Printing Protocol (as well as various proprietary flavors). If I recall correctly, IPP has its own way to announce printer options, and so PPD files are not needed. >> I have a good deal being offered but don't want to accept if I can't >> access the full capability of the device or have it as just another >> paperweight. An unsolicited warning: It looks like the Epson XP-7100 only takes certain ink cartridges. For me, this is much more likely to result in eventually "paperweighting" an otherwise functional printer than any software limitation. Good luck, Panos From nobody Mon Jun 30 14:47:14 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bW8CH6pzYz60YmF for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 14:47:39 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from freebsd-doc@fjl.co.uk) Received: from bs1.fjl.org.uk (bs1.fjl.org.uk [84.45.41.196]) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bW8CH17LLz4MkT for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 14:47:38 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from freebsd-doc@fjl.co.uk) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of freebsd-doc@fjl.co.uk designates 84.45.41.196 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=freebsd-doc@fjl.co.uk; dmarc=none Received: from [192.168.1.109] (host81-129-121-116.range81-129.btcentralplus.com [81.129.121.116]) (authenticated bits=0) by bs1.fjl.org.uk (8.14.4/8.14.4) with ESMTP id 55UElWbU065884 for ; Mon, 30 Jun 2025 15:47:32 +0100 (BST) (envelope-from freebsd-doc@fjl.co.uk) Message-ID: <911980c8-29dc-46b2-bc47-3badda7bd03c@fjl.co.uk> Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2025 15:47:14 +0100 List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Subject: Re: Wiping a disk partition Content-Language: en-GB To: questions@freebsd.org References: From: Frank Leonhardt In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-0.28 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.92)[-0.916]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-0.36)[-0.359]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip4:84.45.41.196]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; RCVD_NO_TLS_LAST(0.10)[]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; ASN(0.00)[asn:25577, ipnet:84.45.0.0/17, country:GB]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[fjl.co.uk]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; ARC_NA(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bW8CH17LLz4MkT X-Spamd-Bar: / On 25/06/2025 15:28, Tomek CEDRO wrote: > On Wed, Jun 25, 2025 at 12:18 PM Odhiambo Washington wrote: >> I have this: >> ``` >> root@gw:/home/wash # df -h >> Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on >> /dev/ada0p2 1.8T 552G 1.1T 33% / >> devfs 1.0K 0B 1.0K 0% /dev >> fdescfs 1.0K 0B 1.0K 0% /dev/fd >> procfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /proc >> linprocfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /compat/linux/proc >> linsysfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /compat/linux/sys >> /dev/ada1p2 1.8T 856G 802G 52% /disk2 >> ``` >> >> What is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev/ada1p2? > The fastest way would be to overwrite partition with zeros: > > dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ada1p2 bs=1g status=progress > > In order to overwrite data safely so these are not easily recovered > you can use /dev/random in several overwrite loops, then in the last > iteration you can use /dev/zero to mark partition clean (or leave > random data for someone to wonder). Note /dev/random is much slower > than /dev/zero. > > You may also use badblocks utility in destructive-write test to > overwrite with different patterns and check disk condition at the same > time but this will be slowest solution :-) > > https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=badblocks > > Have fun :-) Right answer!  As a refinement you might want to umount the volume first to avoid stability problems. The question was how to wipe the data on a partition. Some people have suggested secure erasing the entire drive. You cannot issue a SCSI command to erase a software defined partition that SCSI doesn't know anything about. Deleting the files or creating a new FS doesn't wipe the file contents. Without additional context, overwriting the partition with zeros is the best answer. Except... given that the partition IS mounted it presumably has 852Gb of files, and the real question might have been how to delete all the files in the /disk2 directory rather the wiping the partition- so Tomek - why do you ask? Regards, Frank. From nobody Tue Jul 1 18:06:30 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bWrZg1zJTz60jHS for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 18:06:51 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from bc979@lafn.org) Received: from mail.sermon-archive.info (sermon-archive.info [47.181.130.121]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bWrZd5mm8z3q4N for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 18:06:49 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from bc979@lafn.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of bc979@lafn.org designates 47.181.130.121 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=bc979@lafn.org; dmarc=none Received: from smtpclient.apple (mini [10.0.1.251]) by mail.sermon-archive.info (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 4bWrZV3hmPz1tDrx for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 11:06:42 -0700 (PDT) From: Doug Hardie Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org Mime-Version: 1.0 (Mac OS X Mail 16.0 \(3826.600.51.1.1\)) Subject: Unusual Shutdown Message-Id: <169C6737-A764-4352-AFF8-0576574520BA@sermon-archive.info> Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2025 11:06:30 -0700 To: questions@freebsd.org X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3826.600.51.1.1) X-Virus-Scanned: clamav-milter 1.4.2 at mail X-Virus-Status: Clean X-Spamd-Result: default: False [1.39 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-0.997]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.99)[0.987]; MV_CASE(0.50)[]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:5650, ipnet:47.181.128.0/18, country:US]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[lafn.org: no valid DMARC record]; RCVD_TLS_ALL(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bWrZd5mm8z3q4N X-Spamd-Bar: + One of my servers this morning shut down and I don't see any cause for = it. Messages contained: Jul 1 00:00:00 master newsyslog[14835]: logfile turned over Jul 1 09:45:54 master nrpe[1229]: Caught SIGTERM - shutting down... Jul 1 09:45:54 master nrpe[1229]: Daemon shutdown Jul 1 09:45:54 master ntpd[1159]: ntpd exiting on signal 15 = (Terminated) Jul 1 09:45:55 master kernel: . Jul 1 09:45:55 master syslogd: last message repeated 1 times Jul 1 09:45:55 master syslogd: exiting on signal 15 console.log showed a bunch of daemon shutdown messages followed by: Jul 1 09:45:55 master kernel: Writing early boot entropy file: . Usually with a power problem there is nothing until the system is = started back up. Here I got a few messages that something initiated the = normal shutdown but didn't leave any record. Any way to figure out what = caused this? None of my other servers had any issues. -- Doug From nobody Tue Jul 1 18:51:44 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bWsZk1RwDz60m3b for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 18:51:58 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from bc979@lafn.org) Received: from mail.sermon-archive.info (sermon-archive.info [47.181.130.121]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bWsZh4K9dz3HQ9 for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 18:51:56 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from bc979@lafn.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of bc979@lafn.org designates 47.181.130.121 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=bc979@lafn.org; dmarc=none Received: from smtpclient.apple (mini [10.0.1.251]) by mail.sermon-archive.info (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 4bWsZg0JJ2z1tDrt for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 11:51:55 -0700 (PDT) From: Doug Hardie Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org Mime-Version: 1.0 (Mac OS X Mail 16.0 \(3826.600.51.1.1\)) Subject: Unusual Shutdown Message-Id: Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2025 11:51:44 -0700 To: questions@freebsd.org X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3826.600.51.1.1) X-Virus-Scanned: clamav-milter 1.4.2 at mail X-Virus-Status: Clean X-Spamd-Result: default: False [2.28 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.99)[0.988]; MV_CASE(0.50)[]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.10)[-0.103]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:5650, ipnet:47.181.128.0/18, country:US]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[lafn.org: no valid DMARC record]; RCVD_TLS_ALL(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bWsZh4K9dz3HQ9 X-Spamd-Bar: ++ Never mind. OP hit the power on the wrong server... -- Doug > One of my servers this morning shut down and I don't see any cause for = it. Messages contained: >=20 > Jul 1 00:00:00 master newsyslog[14835]: logfile turned over > Jul 1 09:45:54 master nrpe[1229]: Caught SIGTERM - shutting down... > Jul 1 09:45:54 master nrpe[1229]: Daemon shutdown > Jul 1 09:45:54 master ntpd[1159]: ntpd exiting on signal 15 = (Terminated) > Jul 1 09:45:55 master kernel: . > Jul 1 09:45:55 master syslogd: last message repeated 1 times > Jul 1 09:45:55 master syslogd: exiting on signal 15 >=20 > console.log showed a bunch of daemon shutdown messages followed by: >=20 > Jul 1 09:45:55 master kernel: Writing early boot entropy file: . >=20 > Usually with a power problem there is nothing until the system is = started back up. Here I got a few messages that something initiated the = normal shutdown but didn't leave any record. Any way to figure out what = caused this? >=20 > None of my other servers had any issues. >=20 > -- Doug >=20 From nobody Tue Jul 1 19:12:52 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bWt2x2w4Sz60mqK for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 19:12:57 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from thronobulax@gmail.com) Received: from mail-qk1-x72d.google.com (mail-qk1-x72d.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::72d]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bWt2w4nScz3Tbl for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 19:12:56 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from thronobulax@gmail.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=gmail.com header.s=20230601 header.b=PCBlDTw0; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of thronobulax@gmail.com designates 2607:f8b0:4864:20::72d as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=thronobulax@gmail.com; dmarc=pass (policy=none) header.from=gmail.com Received: by mail-qk1-x72d.google.com with SMTP id af79cd13be357-7d0a2220fb0so475834885a.3 for ; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 12:12:56 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20230601; t=1751397175; x=1752001975; darn=freebsd.org; h=content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to:from:content-language :references:to:subject:user-agent:mime-version:date:message-id:from :to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=UUjgI9Q+mOWOL5bPLOrVrxXTSeftgfe1bpq2KX+Jmpo=; b=PCBlDTw078AtFpVNSY8T1RZhksC651rrdlBqB7BtyliO9+5exafhkt0D8ugAo7XO9A YlzYyRXrKwACITd8Pa2ycPMfN5u6nPHnc8YElKJpQCzmlj/WlvIe1jrbjfeaavkwO5rs YAcjX/tiA2Ws/cDGjZshd9TqEpZKONDlx1Nsx52V7Ih7GAwQYvdB4lptexXizfZhMV9+ 3xGhREal+6mvmguT8lT93EdSZA6tQIKljZKWUXRvBDKEf0XlDQAuALaWnLuz87S0LqbT GkYzGoBNzxtslLUr/GtxwySj83Bg/eI168EJNTasxNUZu5Vv6Lby8HoBk0WOaKBZib8t j5Ow== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1751397175; x=1752001975; h=content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to:from:content-language :references:to:subject:user-agent:mime-version:date:message-id :x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=UUjgI9Q+mOWOL5bPLOrVrxXTSeftgfe1bpq2KX+Jmpo=; b=bPnRhBxVYT/i37zIiyb5ZhOdLgSQQ6CUii7c5lUyDWK8akTJVLPNaNzTo27n41iXTu 7fEly0KHVHa2FDWCBnCi2uH4yerXknq2xo+A8sXoLU7Z9UyUyxWRYpaLIvleoMEcjTes LV5bKbITAq551JYwxa7UxGbkC32Sega9Xp2XJtCgW9o61G39GK7BxWvtNBf65QLPtAVY iw4W0HyM7V7DygcIL7KFzAJptVVqg4Qpf/SiZBvc+X9be7XUlGwJRNhTsqLit8inNEs5 H6vzTGfIL3xO52V4bl9fhXMyMO9BOWgCpG8ymNpxAn+DHKUwGDufUaUOkHzKHA5cQUpU 3CRA== X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0Yz1uKPb5F3d9LaoGo40HX2jjFAW3wY3eX0kI8ApUlK/xoPrqYwe mk/GCMj26QxVtLPItxAwqDF0/Z+dNhVOp4vf85BfdtbL037GUEIRWbqvIP7x0g== X-Gm-Gg: ASbGnctbkH+jxhO2tz2NgcSkZDp2+JPKnf2izXegTX7dQgQ+9+60C5FIMQeosSBToxP vxSN9S3rIIUpViCcUoNyjw1I2zdpbZOuTZ857aTZXU1cydQRr1RJNweGu0CKxyJVSxh+T7eOR3g neknNwidSwDGZUbMKsnVGKwEcfJ+ZhE+D3eGsjQTey/tc0dvqkUnpPeh20OSbdG5eQUABmCac59 D2/41FjMpXPOdCDyTTCjIL8JGHGoUOUOQ4pEh5iSjvcIY0i8ZeiLwNry8dE/PyZR2Hs2I/q/3I6 cZv35RfHmVpo5mP4HWo1szM6QhO6mgSubhC/MJ/IvN935VcJ+U2hHxF5coEAwqWr92C9zyJ+s93 cXL0XJKo5 X-Google-Smtp-Source: AGHT+IE/+GyAxHwQzQVchj9dnZrOnkqSYkDTcTMtSqsC9Z8bFwUef5rBIO0IMl13q3lQ21AlJNp8NA== X-Received: by 2002:a05:620a:40ca:b0:7d3:f1ff:5bac with SMTP id af79cd13be357-7d5c478e94dmr9800585a.27.1751397174301; Tue, 01 Jul 2025 12:12:54 -0700 (PDT) Received: from [192.168.0.2] (ozzie.tundraware.com. [75.145.138.73]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id af79cd13be357-7d443167be1sm814629585a.30.2025.07.01.12.12.53 for (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 bits=128/128); Tue, 01 Jul 2025 12:12:53 -0700 (PDT) Message-ID: Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2025 14:12:52 -0500 List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Subject: Re: Unusual Shutdown To: questions@freebsd.org References: Content-Language: en-US From: Tim Daneliuk In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-0.12 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(0.99)[0.991]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.99)[-0.989]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.88)[0.880]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[gmail.com,none]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2607:f8b0:4000::/36:c]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[gmail.com:s=20230601]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DWL_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[gmail.com:dkim]; FREEMAIL_FROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; FREEMAIL_ENVFROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[gmail.com:+]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2607:f8b0::/32, country:US]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[2607:f8b0:4864:20::72d:from]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bWt2w4nScz3Tbl X-Spamd-Bar: / On 7/1/25 13:51, Doug Hardie wrote: > Never mind. OP hit the power on the wrong server... > > -- Doug Who among us ... 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Wed, 02 Jul 2025 01:19:31 -0700 (PDT) List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <911980c8-29dc-46b2-bc47-3badda7bd03c@fjl.co.uk> In-Reply-To: <911980c8-29dc-46b2-bc47-3badda7bd03c@fjl.co.uk> From: Odhiambo Washington Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2025 11:18:55 +0300 X-Gm-Features: Ac12FXz2slDfKxd_og1Q5zrsTdR7Vbjt392YjmYxcwB9TdLSaimvzGjq-hsZ9iU Message-ID: Subject: Re: Wiping a disk partition To: questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="0000000000009da6130638edeb48" X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-3.88 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-1.00)[-0.996]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.98)[-0.985]; NEURAL_HAM_LONG(-0.90)[-0.895]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[gmail.com,none]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2607:f8b0:4000::/36]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[gmail.com:s=20230601]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[multipart/alternative,text/plain]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+,1:+,2:~]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; FREEMAIL_ENVFROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; FREEMAIL_FROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[gmail.com:+]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; DWL_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[gmail.com:dkim]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROMTLD(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2607:f8b0::/32, country:US]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[2607:f8b0:4864:20::32b:from] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bXCVf3cScz3V9w X-Spamd-Bar: --- --0000000000009da6130638edeb48 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable On Mon, Jun 30, 2025 at 5:48=E2=80=AFPM Frank Leonhardt wrote: > On 25/06/2025 15:28, Tomek CEDRO wrote: > > On Wed, Jun 25, 2025 at 12:18=E2=80=AFPM Odhiambo Washington > wrote: > >> I have this: > >> ``` > >> root@gw:/home/wash # df -h > >> Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on > >> /dev/ada0p2 1.8T 552G 1.1T 33% / > >> devfs 1.0K 0B 1.0K 0% /dev > >> fdescfs 1.0K 0B 1.0K 0% /dev/fd > >> procfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /proc > >> linprocfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /compat/linux/proc > >> linsysfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /compat/linux/sys > >> /dev/ada1p2 1.8T 856G 802G 52% /disk2 > >> ``` > >> > >> What is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev/ada1p2? > > The fastest way would be to overwrite partition with zeros: > > > > dd if=3D/dev/zero of=3D/dev/ada1p2 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress > > > > In order to overwrite data safely so these are not easily recovered > > you can use /dev/random in several overwrite loops, then in the last > > iteration you can use /dev/zero to mark partition clean (or leave > > random data for someone to wonder). Note /dev/random is much slower > > than /dev/zero. > > > > You may also use badblocks utility in destructive-write test to > > overwrite with different patterns and check disk condition at the same > > time but this will be slowest solution :-) > > > > https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=3Dbadblocks > > > > Have fun :-) > > Right answer! As a refinement you might want to umount the volume first > to avoid stability problems. > > The question was how to wipe the data on a partition. Some people have > suggested secure erasing the entire drive. You cannot issue a SCSI > command to erase a software defined partition that SCSI doesn't know > anything about. Deleting the files or creating a new FS doesn't wipe the > file contents. Without additional context, overwriting the partition > with zeros is the best answer. > > Except... given that the partition IS mounted it presumably has 852Gb of > files, and the real question might have been how to delete all the files > in the /disk2 directory rather the wiping the partition- so Tomek - why > do you ask? > > Regards, Frank. > My question was "What is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev/ada1p2?" It looks like delete, wipe, and erase all have different meanings here. I should have explained that "rm -rf" would take a long time, so I needed a faster command. I didn't even want a secure erase, just the deletion. I concluded that there is no straight answer to my question. What I ended up doing was dd if=3D/dev/ada1 of=3D/dev/ada2 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress The 2nd disk is a replica of the 1st disk, and I use it only for creating a backup of the first disk. --=20 Best regards, Odhiambo WASHINGTON, Nairobi,KE +254 7 3200 0004/+254 7 2274 3223 In an Internet failure case, the #1 suspect is a constant: DNS. "Oh, the cruft.", egrep -v '^$|^.*#' =C2=AF\_(=E3=83=84)_/=C2=AF :-) [How to ask smart questions: http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html] --0000000000009da6130638edeb48 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable


On Mon, Jun 30,= 2025 at 5:48=E2=80=AFPM Frank Leonhardt <freebsd-doc@fjl.co.uk> wrote:
On 25/06/2025 15:28, Tomek CEDRO wrote: > On Wed, Jun 25, 2025 at 12:18=E2=80=AFPM Odhiambo Washington <odhiambo@gmail.com&g= t; wrote:
>> I have this:
>> ```
>> root@gw:/home/wash # df -h
>> Filesystem=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Size=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Used=C2=A0 =C2=A0A= vail Capacity=C2=A0 Mounted on
>> /dev/ada0p2=C2=A0 =C2=A0 1.8T=C2=A0 =C2=A0 552G=C2=A0 =C2=A0 1.1T= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 33%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /
>> devfs=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 1.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0= B=C2=A0 =C2=A0 1.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /dev
>> fdescfs=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 1.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0B=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 1.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /dev/fd
>> procfs=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A08.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0= B=C2=A0 =C2=A0 8.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /proc
>> linprocfs=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0B=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 8.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /compat/linux/proc
>> linsysfs=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A08.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0B=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 8.0K=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /compat/linux/sys
>> /dev/ada1p2=C2=A0 =C2=A0 1.8T=C2=A0 =C2=A0 856G=C2=A0 =C2=A0 802G= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 52%=C2=A0 =C2=A0 /disk2
>> ```
>>
>> What is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev/ada1p2?
> The fastest way would be to overwrite partition with zeros:
>
> dd if=3D/dev/zero of=3D/dev/ada1p2 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress
>
> In order to overwrite data safely so these are not easily recovered > you can use /dev/random in several overwrite loops, then in the last > iteration you can use /dev/zero to mark partition clean (or leave
> random data for someone to wonder). Note /dev/random is much slower > than /dev/zero.
>
> You may also use badblocks utility in destructive-write test to
> overwrite with different patterns and check disk condition at the same=
> time but this will be slowest solution :-)
>
> https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query= =3Dbadblocks
>
> Have fun :-)

Right answer!=C2=A0 As a refinement you might want to umount the volume fir= st
to avoid stability problems.

The question was how to wipe the data on a partition. Some people have
suggested secure erasing the entire drive. You cannot issue a SCSI
command to erase a software defined partition that SCSI doesn't know anything about. Deleting the files or creating a new FS doesn't wipe th= e
file contents. Without additional context, overwriting the partition
with zeros is the best answer.

Except... given that the partition IS mounted it presumably has 852Gb of files, and the real question might have been how to delete all the files in the /disk2 directory rather the wiping the partition- so Tomek - why do you ask?

Regards, Frank.

<= div>My question was "Wha= t is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev/ada1p2?"
It lo= oks like delete, wipe, and erase all have different meanings here.
I should have explained that "rm -rf" would take a long time, s= o I needed a faster command.
I didn't even want a secure eras= e, just the deletion.
I concluded that there is no straight answe= r to my question.
What I ended up doing was dd if=3D/dev/ada1 of= =3D/dev/ada2=C2=A0 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress
The 2nd disk is a re= plica of the 1st disk, and I use it only for creating a backup of the first= disk.
=C2=A0
--
Best regards,
Odhiambo= WASHINGTON,
Nairobi,KE
+254 7 3200 0004/+254 7 2274 3223
<= span style=3D"color:rgb(34,34,34)">=C2=A0In=C2=A0an Internet failure case, the #1 suspect is a constant: DN= S.
"Oh, the cruft.",=C2=A0egrep -v '^$|^.*#'=C2=A0=C2=AF\_= (=E3=83=84)_/=C2=AF=C2=A0:-)=
[How to ask smart questions:=C2= =A0http://www.catb.org/~esr/f= aqs/smart-questions.html]
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From nobody Thu Jul 3 01:09:04 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bXdvh1YVBz60vjg for ; Thu, 03 Jul 2025 01:09:20 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from dpchrist@holgerdanske.com) Received: from holgerdanske.com (holgerdanske.com [IPv6:2001:470:0:19b::b869:801b]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange ECDHE (prime256v1) server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "holgerdanske.com", Issuer "R10" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bXdvf5pzJz3nmy for ; Thu, 03 Jul 2025 01:09:18 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from dpchrist@holgerdanske.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=holgerdanske.com header.s=nov-20210719-112354 header.b=QkB9nyY1; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of dpchrist@holgerdanske.com designates 2001:470:0:19b::b869:801b as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=dpchrist@holgerdanske.com; dmarc=pass (policy=none) header.from=holgerdanske.com DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=holgerdanske.com; s=nov-20210719-112354; t=1751504945; bh=8kbMVWYIGy7+A1AlOrTtDwOEBwOje8k6XPkM+Nc2jwg=; h=Received:Message-ID:Date:MIME-Version:User-Agent:Subject:To: References:Content-Language:From:In-Reply-To:Content-Type: Content-Transfer-Encoding; b=QkB9nyY1LqCXhLOqnE7mzpf5cv3+F0yW40U8YOJa1ZvYEQGG1NkH90WFBY4czAYzm +A6dg1/5e28Nro9WtiK3UAEBZVojWUSQOtFUybJmlW4QIdvfvuICPtO/ld9aSW8YSf a3CQ4hTx8V0TyQmMXbiyZUnl/OYGu1jGPWkjKiNj1BIsdptMSNF4Rn80r3+HIFBLs+ 487PHg/TZ0kERzU5ZmWgRjbqIReb4ZjpdL0JNOTkwq6bK4HzlKQONr3+AEreQcXqQu iGP6VoyEzrKWCYeE5M9GBjEGygW0jLvScr6Z9wgHR7BhEFxfqyCDy2pauHT4a8FaLj Khz/lxBaEe3G6jYZazrsQN+ibSUpQor1gP0aJyyik3o1i7oFuUTrCidiP6Qs+XvwQi f1U3qwLczPyCKyMJpXHBAJsjoNWesVC0OJWL0hP7AbeZ6ZRnwgGRCCKddhy8vyRbEA zpaytspwX/l47DBB8yhxAkGxS+FUjyIwD7dcVwKfQkX819XGVqV6Dxz9KBEi1hoM9m jP/v4Hw4e9m7PEBDIWpkLMCoq4HQux8R747gaE/+q7KTnbu9Em6ygBFJdWqADgzrOt HEkNLR+Ajs4Wx8qNnNH9yRHNFuQu1AdZw5QTJUnQCvayUosscUbzAMdAHEryl963XJ gZGPqUMb3yPMiPGzXhC2RrxI= Received: from 99.100.19.101 (99-100-19-101.lightspeed.frokca.sbcglobal.net [99.100.19.101]) by holgerdanske.com with ESMTPSA (TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLSv1.3:Kx=any:Au=any:Enc=AESGCM(128):Mac=AEAD) (SMTP-AUTH username dpchrist@holgerdanske.com, mechanism PLAIN) for ; Wed, 2 Jul 2025 18:09:05 -0700 Message-ID: <7994f04b-4cdb-4c57-b27a-25b60ebc3347@holgerdanske.com> Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2025 18:09:04 -0700 List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Subject: Re: Wiping a disk partition To: questions@freebsd.org References: <911980c8-29dc-46b2-bc47-3badda7bd03c@fjl.co.uk> Content-Language: en-US From: David Christensen In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spamd-Result: default: False [1.59 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.99)[0.995]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[holgerdanske.com,none]; NEURAL_SPAM_SHORT(0.40)[0.396]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[holgerdanske.com:s=nov-20210719-112354]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+a]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; ASN(0.00)[asn:6939, ipnet:2001:470::/32, country:US]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_ALL(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[holgerdanske.com:+] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bXdvf5pzJz3nmy X-Spamd-Bar: + On 7/2/25 01:18, Odhiambo Washington wrote: > My question was "What is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev/ada1p2?" > It looks like delete, wipe, and erase all have different meanings here. > I should have explained that "rm -rf" would take a long time, so I needed a > faster command. > I didn't even want a secure erase, just the deletion. > I concluded that there is no straight answer to my question. I tend to think of "remove" in terms of file system metadata only -- e.g. rm(1). I tend to think of "erase" in terms of file system data and metadata -- e.g. shred(1). But, journals, copy-on-write, snapshots, wear leveling, etc., can defeat true destruction of data if the software tool and/or storage API/DDI stack are not specified designed for such. Research and verification would be required. I tend to use "wipe" for entire drives -- security erase if available, shred(1) or dd(1) /dev/zero if not. If rm(1) is too slow because you have a huge number of small files and if you do not care about leftover data on disk, the only tool I can think of that might be faster would be newfs(8). > What I ended up doing was > dd if=/dev/ada1 of=/dev/ada2 bs=1g status=progress > The 2nd disk is a replica of the 1st disk, and I use it only for creating a > backup of the first disk. I assume you mean (?): dd if=/dev/ada0 of=/dev/ada1 bs=1g status=progress That should work if you boot from ada0p2 into single-user mode, ada0p2 is mounted read-only, and ada1p2 not mounted. But, if both drives are installed (such as to recover files), you might have problems if fstab(5), etc., uses UUID's. David From nobody Thu Jul 3 09:24:20 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bXrvd5M3Rz60Tg7 for ; Thu, 03 Jul 2025 09:25:01 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from odhiambo@gmail.com) Received: from mail-ot1-x32a.google.com (mail-ot1-x32a.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::32a]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bXrvc5dRSz3Q7y for ; Thu, 03 Jul 2025 09:25:00 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from odhiambo@gmail.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=gmail.com header.s=20230601 header.b=c7Fdc38d; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of odhiambo@gmail.com designates 2607:f8b0:4864:20::32a as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=odhiambo@gmail.com; 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Thu, 03 Jul 2025 02:24:58 -0700 (PDT) List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <911980c8-29dc-46b2-bc47-3badda7bd03c@fjl.co.uk> <7994f04b-4cdb-4c57-b27a-25b60ebc3347@holgerdanske.com> In-Reply-To: <7994f04b-4cdb-4c57-b27a-25b60ebc3347@holgerdanske.com> From: Odhiambo Washington Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2025 12:24:20 +0300 X-Gm-Features: Ac12FXzZcjSkp9chRibQztJ7kOOdfYAIU64v3PYXZaY8XdvIkmfeo7UTQSU8DBo Message-ID: Subject: Re: Wiping a disk partition To: questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="000000000000835fb0063902f3fc" X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-1.40 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-0.999]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(0.65)[0.650]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[gmail.com,none]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2607:f8b0:4000::/36]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[gmail.com:s=20230601]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[multipart/alternative,text/plain]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-0.06)[-0.056]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; DWL_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[gmail.com:dkim]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+,1:+,2:~]; FREEMAIL_FROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; FREEMAIL_ENVFROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[gmail.com:+]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROMTLD(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2607:f8b0::/32, country:US]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[2607:f8b0:4864:20::32a:from] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bXrvc5dRSz3Q7y X-Spamd-Bar: - --000000000000835fb0063902f3fc Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable On Thu, Jul 3, 2025 at 4:09=E2=80=AFAM David Christensen wrote: > On 7/2/25 01:18, Odhiambo Washington wrote: > > My question was "What is the fastest way to wipe all data on > /dev/ada1p2?" > > It looks like delete, wipe, and erase all have different meanings here. > > I should have explained that "rm -rf" would take a long time, so I > needed a > > faster command. > > I didn't even want a secure erase, just the deletion. > > I concluded that there is no straight answer to my question. > > > I tend to think of "remove" in terms of file system metadata only -- > e.g. rm(1). > > > I tend to think of "erase" in terms of file system data and metadata -- > e.g. shred(1). But, journals, copy-on-write, snapshots, wear leveling, > etc., can defeat true destruction of data if the software tool and/or > storage API/DDI stack are not specified designed for such. Research and > verification would be required. > > > I tend to use "wipe" for entire drives -- security erase if available, > shred(1) or dd(1) /dev/zero if not. > > > If rm(1) is too slow because you have a huge number of small files and > if you do not care about leftover data on disk, the only tool I can > think of that might be faster would be newfs(8). > > > > What I ended up doing was > > dd if=3D/dev/ada1 of=3D/dev/ada2 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress > > The 2nd disk is a replica of the 1st disk, and I use it only for > creating a > > backup of the first disk. > > > I assume you mean (?): > > dd if=3D/dev/ada0 of=3D/dev/ada1 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress > ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Yes! That should work if you boot from ada0p2 into single-user mode, ada0p2 > is mounted read-only, and ada1p2 not mounted. But, if both drives are > installed (such as to recover files), you might have problems if > fstab(5), etc., uses UUID's. > What I did was: umount /disk2 dd if=3D/dev/ada0 of=3D/dev/ada1 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress --=20 Best regards, Odhiambo WASHINGTON, Nairobi,KE +254 7 3200 0004/+254 7 2274 3223 In an Internet failure case, the #1 suspect is a constant: DNS. "Oh, the cruft.", egrep -v '^$|^.*#' =C2=AF\_(=E3=83=84)_/=C2=AF :-) [How to ask smart questions: http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html] --000000000000835fb0063902f3fc Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable


On Thu, Jul 3, = 2025 at 4:09=E2=80=AFAM David Christensen <dpchrist@holgerdanske.com> wrote:
On 7/2/25 01:18, Odhiambo Washingt= on wrote:
> My question was "What is the fastest way to wipe all data on /dev= /ada1p2?"
> It looks like delete, wipe, and erase all have different meanings here= .
> I should have explained that "rm -rf" would take a long time= , so I needed a
> faster command.
> I didn't even want a secure erase, just the deletion.
> I concluded that there is no straight answer to my question.


I tend to think of "remove" in terms of file system metadata only= --
e.g. rm(1).


I tend to think of "erase" in terms of file system data and metad= ata --
e.g. shred(1).=C2=A0 But, journals, copy-on-write, snapshots, wear leveling= ,
etc., can defeat true destruction of data if the software tool and/or
storage API/DDI stack are not specified designed for such.=C2=A0 Research a= nd
verification would be required.


I tend to use "wipe" for entire drives -- security erase if avail= able,
shred(1) or dd(1) /dev/zero if not.


If rm(1) is too slow because you have a huge number of small files and
if you do not care about leftover data on disk, the only tool I can
think of that might be faster would be newfs(8).


> What I ended up doing was
> dd if=3D/dev/ada1 of=3D/dev/ada2=C2=A0 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress
> The 2nd disk is a replica of the 1st disk, and I use it only for creat= ing a
> backup of the first disk.


I assume you mean (?):

dd if=3D/dev/ada0 of=3D/dev/ada1 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress
=
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Yes!
=C2=A0

That should work if you boot from ada0p2 into single-user mode, ada0p2
is mounted read-only, and ada1p2 not mounted.=C2=A0 But, if both drives are=
installed (such as to recover files), you might have problems if
fstab(5), etc., uses UUID's.

What I did was:

umount /d= isk2
dd if=3D/dev/ada0 of=3D/dev/ada1 bs=3D1g status=3Dprogress

--
B= est regards,
Odhiambo WASHINGTON,
Nairobi,KE
+254 7 3200 0004/+254= 7 2274 3223
=C2=A0In=C2=A0an Internet failure case, the #1 s= uspect is a constant: DNS.
"Oh, the cruft.",=C2=A0= egrep -v '^$|^.*#'=C2=A0=C2=AF\_(=E3=83=84)_/=C2=AF=C2=A0:-)
[How to= ask smart questions:=C2=A0h= ttp://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html]
--000000000000835fb0063902f3fc-- From nobody Thu Jul 3 21:20:31 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bY8nQ6ZMdz61CnN for ; Thu, 03 Jul 2025 21:20:42 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from dpchrist@holgerdanske.com) Received: from holgerdanske.com (holgerdanske.com [IPv6:2001:470:0:19b::b869:801b]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange ECDHE (prime256v1) server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "holgerdanske.com", Issuer "R10" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bY8nP53vlz499C for ; Thu, 03 Jul 2025 21:20:41 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from dpchrist@holgerdanske.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=holgerdanske.com header.s=nov-20210719-112354 header.b=cKCvtqpj; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of dpchrist@holgerdanske.com designates 2001:470:0:19b::b869:801b as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=dpchrist@holgerdanske.com; dmarc=pass (policy=none) header.from=holgerdanske.com DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=holgerdanske.com; s=nov-20210719-112354; t=1751577632; bh=TZMBgEnhNFXJNKEsl0dp0/+1guq9xNxnaKmOK0y8G+s=; h=Received:Message-ID:Date:MIME-Version:User-Agent:Subject:To: References:Content-Language:From:In-Reply-To:Content-Type: Content-Transfer-Encoding; b=cKCvtqpj9ZfuTT76Q2MwUARNTZnXWcTFfxj9IasqS6zSXS638KOFAtJDrko0eC+/G BpBdTZSLGT9Yxd50PjG65RWNKnrFwHMADo6X+E7NPr8e5It606QfMlNBHEjt/QQJxZ sBp91vKSsz5V0PJGxh3PKhtRegq9fCUGdEIjDwot3CKYpqQb+Y+Q3KbTpOxaCFhvD/ GmjNyypz/1mKj0m6QqisMLqGFjgQsgFrP0z3F+PorgoleqLaUYruGx1mpvgKFWM+d9 OoifwpLZRx8Q7Wv28vgMJQ5Nrwad8oUNsObe6/KK2eCNcqnKFYWXBKuLIXJSPQjpFV /TtR1F/b5wsKg7uZsZJ7laY1Q3judeUVEaF6r24lZG3RcGMFa19cuht4efJWcIkK1C +iU0KKZ1pWUwjIze0O3sC9aqlt3uQ95QoYgRmrA0PD+2PEpO3OJjQv621NflMium75 Tlq/Qe+SaoeHc0+5unjHGyKH/FmbL0mAhqr7+Q42zfoZCNyDaso4b2f3/wWnOECnQG vIXZxQ4w/3O9n/GWbomfcvDfXq0ohtNLlAUcOZO1DPwHKmf/+wsw8rETYZ0ibnB6l1 ZJO76LJKuNIaA/Fn7/cjS/tnhk1EHFot65nYKRNw2d+l3/6qJTRyir/af9AOsgk3nj fcqx2Q6Y2AiQmOIc4pGgvGJQ= Received: from 99.100.19.101 (99-100-19-101.lightspeed.frokca.sbcglobal.net [99.100.19.101]) by holgerdanske.com with ESMTPSA (TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLSv1.3:Kx=any:Au=any:Enc=AESGCM(128):Mac=AEAD) (SMTP-AUTH username dpchrist@holgerdanske.com, mechanism PLAIN) for ; Thu, 3 Jul 2025 14:20:32 -0700 Message-ID: <907d9087-7e92-415b-a01f-ee08d988caa3@holgerdanske.com> Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2025 14:20:31 -0700 List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Subject: Re: Wiping a disk partition To: questions@freebsd.org References: <911980c8-29dc-46b2-bc47-3badda7bd03c@fjl.co.uk> <7994f04b-4cdb-4c57-b27a-25b60ebc3347@holgerdanske.com> Content-Language: en-US From: David Christensen In-Reply-To: Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-0.03 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.98)[-0.978]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(0.89)[0.890]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.86)[0.860]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[holgerdanske.com,none]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[holgerdanske.com:s=nov-20210719-112354]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+a]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; ASN(0.00)[asn:6939, ipnet:2001:470::/32, country:US]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RCVD_TLS_ALL(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[holgerdanske.com:+] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bY8nP53vlz499C X-Spamd-Bar: / On 6/25/25 03:16, Odhiambo Washington wrote: > root@gw:/home/wash # df -h > Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on > /dev/ada0p2 1.8T 552G 1.1T 33% / > devfs 1.0K 0B 1.0K 0% /dev > fdescfs 1.0K 0B 1.0K 0% /dev/fd > procfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /proc > linprocfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /compat/linux/proc > linsysfs 8.0K 0B 8.0K 0% /compat/linux/sys > /dev/ada1p2 1.8T 856G 802G 52% /disk2 On 7/3/25 02:24, Odhiambo Washington wrote: > What I did was: > > umount /disk2 > dd if=/dev/ada0 of=/dev/ada1 bs=1g status=progress If the computer was running in multi-user mode when you cloned ada0 to ada1, the root file system on ada0p2 will have been mounted read-write, any ada0 swap partition will have been active, and it is likely that foreground and/or background processes wrote to ada0 while cloning. The last means the source and the clone are not the same, and the backup is incorrect. If you want to clone ada0 to ada1, then you must boot into single-user mode or boot live media; so that ada0 does not change while cloning. After making the clone, verify by using cmp(1) to do a byte-for-byte comparison of the source and the clone. David From nobody Sat Jul 5 00:05:18 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bYrP40fGrz61F01 for ; Sat, 05 Jul 2025 00:05:28 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Received: from beesty.loosely.org (beesty.loosely.org [IPv6:2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bYrP318Jzz3qM8 for ; Sat, 05 Jul 2025 00:05:26 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org designates 2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org; dmarc=none Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=beesty ident=itz) by beesty with esmtp (Exim 4.98.1-5-133ee3edc) (envelope-from ) id 1uXqP8-000000006Dq-36dk for questions@freebsd.org; Fri, 04 Jul 2025 17:05:19 -0700 Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2025 17:05:18 -0700 From: fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org To: questions@freebsd.org Subject: sshd trouble right out of the box :( Message-ID: Mail-Followup-To: questions@freebsd.org List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline X-Spamd-Result: default: False [2.86 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_SHORT(0.96)[0.961]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; FROM_NO_DN(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; ASN(0.00)[asn:63949, ipnet:2600:3c01::/32, country:SG]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[aceecat.org]; RECEIVED_HELO_LOCALHOST(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bYrP318Jzz3qM8 X-Spamd-Bar: ++ On a fresh Vultr.com instance running FreeBSD 14.3-RELEASE, sshd periodically (ie. every few hours) logs the following message, and then dies. So I have to restart the server to get in :eyeroll: sshd[1015]: fatal: pack_hostkeys: serialize hostkey private: string is too large Ducking finds nothing relevant. Anyone, please? -- Ian From nobody Sat Jul 5 03:17:45 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bYwgL5Vzmz61g6g for ; Sat, 05 Jul 2025 03:18:06 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from greylina@menusis.com) Received: from mail-wm1-x329.google.com (mail-wm1-x329.google.com [IPv6:2a00:1450:4864:20::329]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bYwgK4MHBz43Xy for ; Sat, 05 Jul 2025 03:18:05 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from greylina@menusis.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=menusis.com header.s=google header.b=vB1GGoES; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of greylina@menusis.com designates 2a00:1450:4864:20::329 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=greylina@menusis.com; dmarc=pass (policy=none) header.from=menusis.com Received: by mail-wm1-x329.google.com with SMTP id 5b1f17b1804b1-4531e146a24so9238995e9.0 for ; Fri, 04 Jul 2025 20:18:05 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=menusis.com; s=google; t=1751685479; x=1752290279; darn=freebsd.org; h=to:references:message-id:content-transfer-encoding:date:in-reply-to :from:subject:mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=LtvEajvzlTwR5ynVy4bPKutARU7aPzS6sLC0/KHlFno=; b=vB1GGoESCVqCYpug27/YzQuDgArb+goehJiyIP7nlXgi/fDDRAPFwRSI6ZJZrsgVdN Pwe+EFi4gBDJ1QdviZY8hOhp07pQxbE70RUjupxp7XrORvklYI8POkGG4dJ/vRYALpIF bj5njEQYL+yNkjNwLT01kKwcMAu5BOqBJRpRy4rA+SJ83Utv/+D+GOcRyX/ie6T3Eitx EF1T0QDKzZSjNpcP3Vyyy7a0XD9anjShTHk9WYPF5Xt3kEmEWYpfIuE8kw+barfrmkrb L3IO8kGU+QWmvoVGjwxUSfYOb9VVGsfuBeJknSraNqvwajC1KpJA+7W7VBSkgroWpp4J BPtw== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1751685479; x=1752290279; h=to:references:message-id:content-transfer-encoding:date:in-reply-to :from:subject:mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject :date:message-id:reply-to; bh=LtvEajvzlTwR5ynVy4bPKutARU7aPzS6sLC0/KHlFno=; b=xNdQ7SivAfInGxc3KvKHi2v/swyCVhtQ1WY8aN2Fll3ELrR2Ci/AknXGb+xJjLMpkP uVjh7I9XQPkffAflAiGWW0jTkJ8oTEvfFf7GlmsuNK+vpqKCYu8Ae6O1oQ85kdO/x5Yc BfQj0oRRyYvSeX+4zto8rL8E0C+8vgfP3B7v1V5F8PXNkW8sdi6JfbdxHNfcySjBT3UH h6fQam7fAewPxA9xkZxpQqw5C/p2fzgfNItRnppafRFaJFn7T8fNwG3S9bTPIfrild7u +Dzae69CkGQhW8SHyN2ADnaU/pNF3PcBXyT3E+SijRWu0ZbygRdv9xIvFlEZyPDLa7wq eNqA== X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0YyCrNmrJbp8zreiXh5BHs7GtnSgn3l/wKx4hNlcY8gZvBT+DDMM qAB1tRGWOtF5cOMfgtUH0/ks3DukoGtWxNcqYKSsP2BWv/HYM9OUtbdlDPEjh2vtSpq1xuvvDO1 8Pt3iF2GfQ0U= X-Gm-Gg: ASbGnctr1p7p+GeHtyJxVI6gh5mqsk7DNjAal41mvyk36PFIIX0M1i8j5TXrTk5UQlA iwKb30JdsMZV+D2jYyZkFrlaNPhmlLKuoQQYbVY15P6obP6cWfBpjssnrS6/KK+6AapaE3AdM9G eBVzdWK1NoT1zTtcNWeZQzxFYhNmvHjIuONhTtz5Np1rKnuIVakwjFaSr32hlNB7/J75A6e09P2 AjU0NIchZ3Kg6Hmih3rP2TGQKwN6fbGK+aExYT6S6agk5qjS5+u0EkP4YTE4/2xmRjO+yP8Pd93 P5dwe9XzkVKYHGMFruKXYb8FazEJlYO/PHCsSTP7gzpk5COeXAsKJK8w9ZOGBjt96wia3ptAX70 kj+Hr5ZwMyOF+b36AiUGp5IghJK5mgHX5uK6H4ZLl1A== X-Google-Smtp-Source: AGHT+IF/s3lyvcomjL1OxUn/dXKOJEdU+eY6Fg90TB/cKpFXTEzdHWb4Ohow6z8f2kh3XIHkaEXuuw== X-Received: by 2002:a05:6000:2dc4:b0:3a5:3b14:1ba3 with SMTP id ffacd0b85a97d-3b49aaa1a29mr419578f8f.49.1751685478681; Fri, 04 Jul 2025 20:17:58 -0700 (PDT) Received: from smtpclient.apple (8ta-147-198-23.telkomadsl.co.za. [41.147.198.23]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id 5b1f17b1804b1-454b161f351sm43117635e9.4.2025.07.04.20.17.57 for (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Fri, 04 Jul 2025 20:17:58 -0700 (PDT) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org Mime-Version: 1.0 (Mac OS X Mail 16.0 \(3826.600.51.1.1\)) Subject: Re: sshd trouble right out of the box :( From: Arnold Greyling In-Reply-To: Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2025 05:17:45 +0200 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett Message-Id: <92E660E4-5429-453F-BF5C-79B5990F050C@menusis.com> References: To: questions@freebsd.org X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.3826.600.51.1.1) X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-3.39 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-0.999]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-0.96)[-0.964]; NEURAL_HAM_LONG(-0.92)[-0.924]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[menusis.com,none]; MV_CASE(0.50)[]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2a00:1450:4000::/36]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[menusis.com:s=google]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2a00:1450::/32, country:US]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[2a00:1450:4864:20::329:from]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[menusis.com:+] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bYwgK4MHBz43Xy X-Spamd-Bar: --- > On 05 Jul 2025, at 02:05, fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org wrote: >=20 > On a fresh Vultr.com instance running FreeBSD 14.3-RELEASE, sshd > periodically (ie. every few hours) logs the following message, and > then dies. So I have to restart the server to get in :eyeroll: >=20 > sshd[1015]: fatal: pack_hostkeys: serialize hostkey private: > string is too large >=20 > Ducking finds nothing relevant. Anyone, please? Try regenerating your hostkeys with=20 # ssh-keygen -A Also, if you haven=E2=80=99t yet, update to the latest patches released = this week. # freebsd-update fetch # freebsd-update install Run #freebsd-update IDS It should tell you if any installed files are changed. Normally it lists = quite a few files in /etc which is OK If it lists /etc/ssh/sshd_config and you haven=E2=80=99t made changes = yourself have a look what=E2=80=99s going on. Regards Arnold From nobody Sun Jul 6 05:17:38 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bZbGq3hv1z61vxB for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 05:17:39 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from eason@ezntek.com) Received: from outbound.pv.icloud.com (p-west1-cluster5-host1-snip4-10.eps.apple.com [57.103.66.181]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bZbGp66Mgz3sP8 for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 05:17:38 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from eason@ezntek.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=ezntek.com header.s=sig1 header.b=BttFwfPT; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of eason@ezntek.com designates 57.103.66.181 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=eason@ezntek.com; dmarc=none DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=ezntek.com; s=sig1; bh=ZxwbXExhiXlTTmTxf2OyuCNYeBWVxc3i0nNPE4rZXso=; h=Message-ID:Date:MIME-Version:To:From:Subject:Content-Type:x-icloud-hme; b=BttFwfPTJFc+2jcNH9jabW3y6HKUf7t0VPcAwMHFg1v/v1wUOjgtAzWGZoVaLdvo5 FqDD1/GJTmXGAcriOC+OxtE+64wq3peRpt62Had3B/ye+9fQpc6BhuxM15f7zs5q61 EZ33iqO16svnVcsMJwuW7V/a8MSmd+A4PHw4Uulod6+KuFaqVQh5cWXEgwEFj/27cE LDUcuhr5LCX0qPrBbgg853obNZRZtV4I/RRxloJm0hSoWMow1BZkKwtGclLU/owqrU sEvhpvWA8igwZ6+f0XqFACv/QP/iXjpPQhW7JV85mG25PURcrK/GapwTkv4oR6yexj viq2q9HW0hf9Q== Received: from outbound.pv.icloud.com (unknown [127.0.0.2]) by outbound.pv.icloud.com (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 0187F18001A1 for ; Sun, 6 Jul 2025 05:17:34 +0000 (UTC) Received: from [192.168.31.251] (pv-asmtp-me-k8s.p00.prod.me.com [17.56.9.36]) by outbound.pv.icloud.com (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 7AF121800150 for ; Sun, 6 Jul 2025 05:17:33 +0000 (UTC) Message-ID: Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2025 13:17:38 +0800 List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird Content-Language: en-US To: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org From: Eason Qin Subject: Default library and header search paths Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Proofpoint-Spam-Details-Enc: AW1haW4tMjUwNzA2MDAzMSBTYWx0ZWRfX9l2SJ+gnKnnb IoOfwLaFXXWoNc1RdKqejc33N82IvEwjyunOmbyRX7zlIdwmaCC4evLTYg4qUaLlqbEBrebCKej iUKBNOyVultbeModXlC2YKuklpbgVVRhocM6PfwnYBtMLwtBCaJFdCg8u6AzArartphRPyWQkli 9KvxcAU/lc3iHQ82fJKkl7FlQIt6NJezWNNXj9jAu5g0QYogcnrHbVnZu1mpP77QYR7UzXXhuRU 5HA8jNcgK3QKTTCbILfCfBVoQJx7oSuopchJDZUoumBN5gbJXCks29qG4qCTAXM6l+cutcWZM= X-Proofpoint-GUID: cCdiofG7REF5xd7vVlb2pEw_ifAXakZT X-Proofpoint-ORIG-GUID: cCdiofG7REF5xd7vVlb2pEw_ifAXakZT X-Proofpoint-Virus-Version: vendor=baseguard engine=ICAP:2.0.293,Aquarius:18.0.1099,Hydra:6.1.7,FMLib:17.12.80.40 definitions=2025-07-04_07,2025-07-04_01,2025-03-28_01 X-Proofpoint-Spam-Details: rule=notspam policy=default score=0 malwarescore=0 mlxlogscore=372 suspectscore=0 mlxscore=0 clxscore=1030 phishscore=0 bulkscore=0 spamscore=0 adultscore=0 classifier=spam adjust=0 reason=mlx scancount=1 engine=8.22.0-2506060001 definitions=main-2507060031 X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-1.82 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_LONG(-1.00)[-0.998]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.93)[-0.932]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(0.61)[0.612]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip4:57.103.64.0/18:c]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[ezntek.com:s=sig1]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_VIA_SMTP_AUTH(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:714, ipnet:57.103.64.0/22, country:US]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[ezntek.com]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCVD_TLS_ALL(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; RCVD_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; PREVIOUSLY_DELIVERED(0.00)[freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[ezntek.com:+] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bZbGp66Mgz3sP8 X-Spamd-Bar: - Dear FreeBSD users, I have more of an ideological question. I'm a C programmer who's used FreeBSD once before, but not for programming (back in the freebsd 13.2 days); why are /usr/local/lib and /usr/local/include not in the default library and header search paths? If ports with headers and libraries are shipped with ports and theyre so ubiquitous, why must I manually specify these paths with every compilation I do involving a library? When I write on Linux, I simply have to just pass -lraylib (or such). I am aware I can mitigate this with pkg-config, but that feels slightly redundant at times (it is after all a port). Sincerely, Eason Qin From nobody Sun Jul 6 08:13:10 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bZg9d5FXgz60q4W for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 08:13:25 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from pprocacci@gmail.com) Received: from mail-ej1-x635.google.com (mail-ej1-x635.google.com [IPv6:2a00:1450:4864:20::635]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bZg9d227Hz3b0Z for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 08:13:25 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from pprocacci@gmail.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; none Received: by mail-ej1-x635.google.com with SMTP id a640c23a62f3a-ae0dffaa8b2so410656666b.0 for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 01:13:25 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20230601; t=1751789602; x=1752394402; darn=freebsd.org; h=content-transfer-encoding:cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from :in-reply-to:references:mime-version:from:to:cc:subject:date :message-id:reply-to; bh=5fWpxfJcPwK9+1DtswFx9JMJgFdiRi6DV3KL4sB+Rqs=; b=CsXF3CxaDY9pW+UEU/O0kKONNQu9y6UfXwy5epe46wnBY76IvwE0FYH4VbSk+OsNXV uaoftMPJD897ChT2DK78VVIl0mwOeo4QLrGULl0KkVSOYNcWwpI7ND66NYu0dAEynlYT dF1W9bclLt1DIWgTFe2+kcu0Nfa8PQ98NqZ1KG4/k/9cUaRg+MCIPNpG9x++iEcTcqJG KYlPC3L8oli3Xt1I9mX6j3Pn/Nh+LpT7fj+ONWEkOf4qMO2ioxjqwWDSZSO3DwhgUgId a0JI4XhXqjuhAjBd3NkF6cmAnadzECNm/jKAW/0lCbSeT64+C8c+9oRMZ7WLRg1V/a8G vb9g== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1751789602; x=1752394402; h=content-transfer-encoding:cc:to:subject:message-id:date:from :in-reply-to:references:mime-version:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc :subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=5fWpxfJcPwK9+1DtswFx9JMJgFdiRi6DV3KL4sB+Rqs=; b=BPbbJSfb6qYtdwRBV6h+qAhCTdAwcIQCxL10HPHikHEscamllYs/YgsJcqK0e8y6m1 YWoS37ZFJrlN5VncC4treDx7qW11UyyyGbIsgbXpNHVawXp8E0PdRwuIYCynVcP7yTcV doaHoKGwGQPX9XTHRnTPAuvfX/c2HDgHwwABcwCcEeDrHfO4x2RLw79oBP6m38eHoat+ 1dOtDeOZ9lXFeg5JCqK+516BQjdM1oX883Fuj0ehKUVTiF/HFpR7ZRSJwA4/iF2mQeYu Ocw2j0MMvYVxTucWWweHriOHHZMCllBlMTySoS8v1HUD0SQ6mIioZfGcRwMMtPkP45/5 +0Ew== X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0YyQev+vn7u+dAX3JmtqdwgmgeI6e2imDLfPPrHQJ6jZ38u4LX2y Im+tSHrlwDadGyHTw8gS31mVXKFP6Ibd4tUT6G9AX2bmqHf7Zcn5aeLgBM49E8RwThCN+akED9o u2BvLRCxLMBNgfmeWQ8urdc9Lbfey6g== X-Gm-Gg: ASbGnctKoJExMw0ECOzM4JyqVarzkQGjeYcsn0FHgb1TYBXzWf1nls21XzXr0zR3Ty/ uvx2UHUrxvHNGsYPYZiW8Zm2qlrshGwmBR80GUeLUKyWWgsZjyYd8HmGjI4M58Kr1KhkFdpZ9b0 He1wDMC/+NQpHJRTEB0ls4VFzbBiz/dufxKl6GQlYu X-Google-Smtp-Source: AGHT+IHbjqo+uLC+nxpHoN3mWIOkLNfrILIfHfaHRrVVrrzu0IvOBP/uVBRDqR54DgB+loVQPHcD/HV0lff5pJI3OVQ= X-Received: by 2002:a17:907:c24:b0:ae3:6cc8:e422 with SMTP id a640c23a62f3a-ae4108e2bffmr439822166b.47.1751789602127; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 01:13:22 -0700 (PDT) List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 References: In-Reply-To: From: Paul Procacci Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2025 04:13:10 -0400 X-Gm-Features: Ac12FXwq1P0oNG4ErROPtWg0aW1UqpUTp7SKL5Ql4LqtbJhI-DnGv8NTWZe_m_0 Message-ID: Subject: Re: Default library and header search paths To: Eason Qin Cc: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bZg9d227Hz3b0Z X-Spamd-Bar: ---- X-Rspamd-Pre-Result: action=no action; module=replies; Message is reply to one we originated X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-4.00 / 15.00]; REPLY(-4.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2a00:1450::/32, country:US] On Sun, Jul 6, 2025 at 1:18=E2=80=AFAM Eason Qin wrote: > > Dear FreeBSD users, > > I have more of an ideological question. > > I'm a C programmer who's used FreeBSD once before, but not for > programming (back in the freebsd 13.2 days); why are /usr/local/lib and > /usr/local/include not in the default library and header search paths? > If ports with headers and libraries are shipped with ports and theyre so > ubiquitous, why must I manually specify these paths with every > compilation I do involving a library? When I write on Linux, I simply > have to just pass -lraylib (or such). > > I am aware I can mitigate this with pkg-config, but that feels slightly > redundant at times (it is after all a port). > > Sincerely, > Eason Qin > > Well for one, linux is just a kernel. The "other" stuff that ships from linux vendors is generally stuck in a single folder (or two). Hence the reason for not having to specify any additional paths from those vendors. FreeBSD on the other hand is much more than just a kernel; it's also an entire userland. FreeBSD installs libs not included in the base system into different directories to maintain a clear separation between base system components and third-party software. This provides a plethora of benefits: - Ease of (down/up)grading the base OS without touching installed third-party software - Ease of (down/up)grading third party software without touching base syst= em. - As an extension to the two items above, installed header files can't interfere with the base system. - .. and probably most importantly, follows the defined unix hierarchical conventions established in 97' (I think it was -- open to being corrected). FreeBSD has splintered from this ever so slightly, but it's darn close enough. In contrast, Linux (and her distributors) have always been a "throw spaghetti against the wall" type of ecosystem.... one giant folder!! mwah hah hah It's this difference, this modular approach that FreeBSD takes, that is the root of the "why" here. If you're just compiling C programs, the simple approach is to set an environment variable via your login shell: C_INCLUDE_PATH (CPATH can work too) For libs, just add /usr/local/lib to /etc/ld.so.conf.d/local.conf and run ldconfig. Ultimately though, when I program in C on FreeBSD which is like nearly all programming I do, my build system (make(1) for me), already has everything defined. ~Paul --=20 __________________ :(){ :|:& };: From nobody Sun Jul 6 14:59:29 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bZrBM5JdBz60y8H for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 14:59:39 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Received: from beesty.loosely.org (beesty.loosely.org [IPv6:2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bZrBK5rRwz3CwS for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 14:59:37 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org designates 2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org; dmarc=none Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=beesty ident=itz) by beesty with esmtp (Exim 4.98.1-5-133ee3edc) (envelope-from ) id 1uYQq1-000000007fT-2Yae for questions@freebsd.org; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 07:59:30 -0700 Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2025 07:59:29 -0700 From: fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org To: questions@freebsd.org Subject: Re: sshd trouble right out of the box :( Message-ID: Mail-Followup-To: questions@freebsd.org References: <92E660E4-5429-453F-BF5C-79B5990F050C@menusis.com> List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: <92E660E4-5429-453F-BF5C-79B5990F050C@menusis.com> X-Spamd-Result: default: False [2.84 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_SHORT(0.94)[0.938]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; RCPT_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:63949, ipnet:2600:3c01::/32, country:SG]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; FROM_NO_DN(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[aceecat.org]; RECEIVED_HELO_LOCALHOST(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bZrBK5rRwz3CwS X-Spamd-Bar: ++ I started with the simplest and stupidest possible idea: I commented out the RSA host key in sshd_config, leaving only the ecdsa and ed25519 keys active. And so far (knocks wood - 1.5 days uptime) that seems to have done it. -- Ian From nobody Sun Jul 6 16:55:36 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bZtmJ716Vz61FG6 for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 16:55:44 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Received: from beesty.loosely.org (beesty.loosely.org [IPv6:2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bZtmH07XSz4PFZ for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 16:55:42 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org designates 2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org; dmarc=none Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=beesty ident=itz) by beesty with esmtp (Exim 4.98.1-5-133ee3edc) (envelope-from ) id 1uYSeN-000000007iI-3Ck7; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 09:55:36 -0700 Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2025 09:55:36 -0700 From: fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org To: questions@freebsd.org, freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Default library and header search paths Message-ID: <1pmdM5HZOijtmlJQ@aceecat.org> Mail-Followup-To: questions@freebsd.org, freebsd-questions@freebsd.org References: List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: X-Spamd-Result: default: False [0.90 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-1.000]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:63949, ipnet:2600:3c01::/32, country:SG]; FROM_NO_DN(0.00)[]; RCPT_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_SOME(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[aceecat.org]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; RECEIVED_HELO_LOCALHOST(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bZtmH07XSz4PFZ X-Spamd-Bar: / On Sun, Jul 06, 2025 at 04:13:10AM -0400, Paul Procacci wrote: > FreeBSD on the other hand is much more than just a kernel; it's also > an entire userland. FreeBSD installs libs not included in the base > system into different directories to maintain a clear separation > between base system components and third-party software. > This provides a plethora of benefits: TBF, it also has some downsides :-P When I build software from source there is an excellent chance that it defaults to installation under /usr/local, both build time and run time. But this cannot cleanly be done on FreeBSD because it conflicts with ports and packages. So I have to use --prefix=/opt/${PACKAGE} or something every time. Granted this is just a minor nuisance and may be just an effect of penguin systems being so widespread and packages wanting to simplify the build experience as much as possible for that environment. A more vexing problem is libraries which exist both in base and as ports/packages, confusing builds. ncurses is -- perhaps appropriately -- the most prominent example. Another is libarchive which features in my other recent thread here. > - As an extension to the two items above, installed header files > can't interfere with the base system. This depends on your sense of "interfere". It is true in the most basic sense in that installations cannot overwrite or remove base headers, and so cannot affect base system (re)builds. But in the situation I reference above, when headers for the same library exist both in base and elsewhere, bo golly, they *do* interfere with package builds. > - .. and probably most importantly, follows the defined unix > hierarchical conventions established in 97' (I think it was -- open to > being corrected). FreeBSD has splintered from this ever so slightly, > but it's darn close enough. Those conventions depend on the notion of "vendor", which doesn't really apply to FOSS packages. I don't think anyone installs just the base system and then hand compiles everything else; everyone uses at least a few packages (in the narrow BSD sense) or ports. So unless your language is literal and legalistic to the extreme, these commonly used ports are just as much part of FreeBSD as the base. > For libs, just add /usr/local/lib to /etc/ld.so.conf.d/local.conf and > run ldconfig. But this only affects run time, doesn't it? For build time you still need to add the requisite -L options in one way or another. Correct me if I'm wrong. > Ultimately though, when I program in C on FreeBSD which is like nearly > all programming I do, my build system (make(1) for me), already has > everything defined. Can you expand this, please? Do you mean make(1) has the needed CFLAGS and LDFLAGS built in? Many of the packages I compile need gmake, but this information would still help. -- Ian From nobody Sun Jul 6 16:55:36 2025 X-Original-To: questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bZtmN03Xqz61FP8 for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 16:55:48 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Received: from beesty.loosely.org (beesty.loosely.org [IPv6:2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (256/256 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256) (Client did not present a certificate) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bZtmM1y1fz4P9l for ; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 16:55:47 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=none; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org designates 2600:3c01:e000:4c0::2 as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org; dmarc=none Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=beesty ident=itz) by beesty with esmtp (Exim 4.98.1-5-133ee3edc) (envelope-from ) id 1uYSeN-000000007iI-3Ck7; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 09:55:36 -0700 Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2025 09:55:36 -0700 From: fatty.merchandise677@aceecat.org To: questions@freebsd.org, freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Default library and header search paths Message-ID: <1pmdM5HZOijtmlJQ@aceecat.org> Mail-Followup-To: questions@freebsd.org, freebsd-questions@freebsd.org References: List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: X-Spamd-Result: default: False [0.90 / 15.00]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_SPAM_MEDIUM(1.00)[1.000]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-1.00)[-1.000]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+mx:c]; ONCE_RECEIVED(0.20)[]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; ASN(0.00)[asn:63949, ipnet:2600:3c01::/32, country:SG]; FROM_NO_DN(0.00)[]; RCPT_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROM(0.00)[]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_SOME(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; DMARC_NA(0.00)[aceecat.org]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org]; RECEIVED_HELO_LOCALHOST(0.00)[]; R_DKIM_NA(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bZtmM1y1fz4P9l X-Spamd-Bar: / On Sun, Jul 06, 2025 at 04:13:10AM -0400, Paul Procacci wrote: > FreeBSD on the other hand is much more than just a kernel; it's also > an entire userland. FreeBSD installs libs not included in the base > system into different directories to maintain a clear separation > between base system components and third-party software. > This provides a plethora of benefits: TBF, it also has some downsides :-P When I build software from source there is an excellent chance that it defaults to installation under /usr/local, both build time and run time. But this cannot cleanly be done on FreeBSD because it conflicts with ports and packages. So I have to use --prefix=/opt/${PACKAGE} or something every time. Granted this is just a minor nuisance and may be just an effect of penguin systems being so widespread and packages wanting to simplify the build experience as much as possible for that environment. A more vexing problem is libraries which exist both in base and as ports/packages, confusing builds. ncurses is -- perhaps appropriately -- the most prominent example. Another is libarchive which features in my other recent thread here. > - As an extension to the two items above, installed header files > can't interfere with the base system. This depends on your sense of "interfere". It is true in the most basic sense in that installations cannot overwrite or remove base headers, and so cannot affect base system (re)builds. But in the situation I reference above, when headers for the same library exist both in base and elsewhere, bo golly, they *do* interfere with package builds. > - .. and probably most importantly, follows the defined unix > hierarchical conventions established in 97' (I think it was -- open to > being corrected). FreeBSD has splintered from this ever so slightly, > but it's darn close enough. Those conventions depend on the notion of "vendor", which doesn't really apply to FOSS packages. I don't think anyone installs just the base system and then hand compiles everything else; everyone uses at least a few packages (in the narrow BSD sense) or ports. So unless your language is literal and legalistic to the extreme, these commonly used ports are just as much part of FreeBSD as the base. > For libs, just add /usr/local/lib to /etc/ld.so.conf.d/local.conf and > run ldconfig. But this only affects run time, doesn't it? For build time you still need to add the requisite -L options in one way or another. Correct me if I'm wrong. > Ultimately though, when I program in C on FreeBSD which is like nearly > all programming I do, my build system (make(1) for me), already has > everything defined. Can you expand this, please? Do you mean make(1) has the needed CFLAGS and LDFLAGS built in? Many of the packages I compile need gmake, but this information would still help. -- Ian From nobody Sun Jul 6 18:25:13 2025 X-Original-To: freebsd-questions@mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2610:1c1:1:606c::19:1]) by mlmmj.nyi.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 4bZwlw28P0z61Sfd; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 18:25:32 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from pprocacci@gmail.com) Received: from mail-ej1-x62a.google.com (mail-ej1-x62a.google.com [IPv6:2a00:1450:4864:20::62a]) (using TLSv1.3 with cipher TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (128/128 bits) key-exchange X25519 server-signature RSA-PSS (4096 bits) server-digest SHA256 client-signature RSA-PSS (2048 bits) client-digest SHA256) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "WR4" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4bZwlv3lDVz40NL; Sun, 06 Jul 2025 18:25:31 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from pprocacci@gmail.com) Authentication-Results: mx1.freebsd.org; dkim=pass header.d=gmail.com header.s=20230601 header.b="l9XYEBn/"; spf=pass (mx1.freebsd.org: domain of pprocacci@gmail.com designates 2a00:1450:4864:20::62a as permitted sender) smtp.mailfrom=pprocacci@gmail.com; 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Sun, 06 Jul 2025 11:25:23 -0700 (PDT) List-Id: User questions List-Archive: https://lists.freebsd.org/archives/freebsd-questions List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.org MIME-Version: 1.0 References: <1pmdM5HZOijtmlJQ@aceecat.org> In-Reply-To: <1pmdM5HZOijtmlJQ@aceecat.org> From: Paul Procacci Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2025 14:25:13 -0400 X-Gm-Features: Ac12FXzwUkYvUwk8eKcOb9vKkwkgYN_tFX0-jBO88jL9x3xaX8V5Do7pQGEeLos Message-ID: Subject: Re: Default library and header search paths To: questions@freebsd.org, freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" X-Spamd-Result: default: False [-2.18 / 15.00]; NEURAL_HAM_SHORT(-0.93)[-0.933]; NEURAL_HAM_MEDIUM(-0.67)[-0.667]; DMARC_POLICY_ALLOW(-0.50)[gmail.com,none]; NEURAL_SPAM_LONG(0.42)[0.418]; R_DKIM_ALLOW(-0.20)[gmail.com:s=20230601]; R_SPF_ALLOW(-0.20)[+ip6:2a00:1450:4000::/36]; MIME_GOOD(-0.10)[text/plain]; RCVD_COUNT_ONE(0.00)[1]; ASN(0.00)[asn:15169, ipnet:2a00:1450::/32, country:US]; FREEMAIL_ENVFROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; MIME_TRACE(0.00)[0:+]; ARC_NA(0.00)[]; MISSING_XM_UA(0.00)[]; DWL_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[gmail.com:dkim]; FREEMAIL_FROM(0.00)[gmail.com]; FROM_HAS_DN(0.00)[]; RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE(0.00)[2a00:1450:4864:20::62a:from]; TO_MATCH_ENVRCPT_ALL(0.00)[]; TO_DN_NONE(0.00)[]; FROM_EQ_ENVFROM(0.00)[]; RCVD_TLS_LAST(0.00)[]; RCPT_COUNT_TWO(0.00)[2]; MID_RHS_MATCH_FROMTLD(0.00)[]; MLMMJ_DEST(0.00)[questions@freebsd.org,freebsd-questions@freebsd.org]; DKIM_TRACE(0.00)[gmail.com:+] X-Rspamd-Queue-Id: 4bZwlv3lDVz40NL X-Spamd-Bar: -- > This depends on your sense of "interfere". It is true in the most > basic sense in that installations cannot overwrite or remove base > headers, and so cannot affect base system (re)builds. But in the > situation I reference above, when headers for the same library exist > both in base and elsewhere, bo golly, they *do* interfere with package > builds. So I'll concede that my definition of "interfere" probably differs from that of yours. When I compile software by hand which is pretty frequent, I know which headers/libs I'm compiling against because it's well defined in my build system. Can installed software from ports/packages "interfere" with the base system given the same file names? I suppose so, but I seldom run into that personally. Given that everything is well defined for me, it's seldom a problem that I'd be compiling against libs installed under /usr/local/lib vs /lib. This is mostly due to the order of inclusion of directories. > > > - .. and probably most importantly, follows the defined unix > > hierarchical conventions established in 97' (I think it was -- open to > > being corrected). FreeBSD has splintered from this ever so slightly, > > but it's darn close enough. > > Those conventions depend on the notion of "vendor", which doesn't really > apply to FOSS packages. I don't think anyone installs just the base system > and then hand compiles everything else; everyone uses at least a few > packages (in the narrow BSD sense) or ports. So unless your language is > literal and legalistic to the extreme, these commonly used ports are just > as much part of FreeBSD as the base. I don't think your comment is in conflict with what I've stated. I entirely agree about FOSS not really giving a damn about hierarchical standards. The only thing I'd mention is that I'm not talking about FOSS and instead am only talking about FreeBSD and the hierarchical standards it itself has adopted. Port maintainers should (do?) conform to those standards and they do an excellent job at doing so. > > For libs, just add /usr/local/lib to /etc/ld.so.conf.d/local.conf and > > run ldconfig. > > But this only affects run time, doesn't it? For build time you still > need to add the requisite -L options in one way or another. Correct me > if I'm wrong. > You're not wrong and this is a side effect of me writing a response to an email at 4am, after a US holiday, 10 sheets into the wind w/ an alcohol induced coma! Whoops! I apologize for that confusion as what I wrote clearly isn't right. You are correct in that it only applies to runtime. > > Ultimately though, when I program in C on FreeBSD which is like nearly > > all programming I do, my build system (make(1) for me), already has > > everything defined. > > Can you expand this, please? Do you mean make(1) has the needed CFLAGS > and LDFLAGS built in? > So to clarify I define the necessary CFLAGS and LDFLAGS in my build environment; it's not built-in. There's a couple of ways to accomplish this but I prefer to stick this information within the Makefile itself. Outside of using a Makefile you can stick this in your login .cshrc or .bashrc or whatever shell you're using. I don't use this method, but it's an option..I guess. .. and lastly there's /etc/make.conf. Again, I don't use this method but it exists. On occasion I might want to change global settings, but seldom is this necessary. > -- > Ian > ~Paul -- __________________ :(){ :|:& };: