From owner-p4-projects@FreeBSD.ORG Fri Jul 28 03:08:05 2006 Return-Path: X-Original-To: p4-projects@freebsd.org Delivered-To: p4-projects@freebsd.org Received: by hub.freebsd.org (Postfix, from userid 32767) id B63A816A4DF; Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:05 +0000 (UTC) X-Original-To: perforce@freebsd.org Delivered-To: perforce@freebsd.org Received: from mx1.FreeBSD.org (mx1.freebsd.org [216.136.204.125]) by hub.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 747D116A4DD for ; Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:05 +0000 (UTC) (envelope-from jb@freebsd.org) Received: from repoman.freebsd.org (repoman.freebsd.org [216.136.204.115]) by mx1.FreeBSD.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id E311E43D49 for ; Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:04 +0000 (GMT) (envelope-from jb@freebsd.org) Received: from repoman.freebsd.org (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by repoman.freebsd.org (8.13.6/8.13.6) with ESMTP id k6S384IJ061624 for ; Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:04 GMT (envelope-from jb@freebsd.org) Received: (from perforce@localhost) by repoman.freebsd.org (8.13.6/8.13.4/Submit) id k6S380Ze061607 for perforce@freebsd.org; Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:00 GMT (envelope-from jb@freebsd.org) Date: Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:00 GMT Message-Id: <200607280308.k6S380Ze061607@repoman.freebsd.org> X-Authentication-Warning: repoman.freebsd.org: perforce set sender to jb@freebsd.org using -f From: John Birrell To: Perforce Change Reviews Cc: Subject: PERFORCE change 102628 for review X-BeenThere: p4-projects@freebsd.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.5 Precedence: list List-Id: p4 projects tree changes List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Fri, 28 Jul 2006 03:08:06 -0000 http://perforce.freebsd.org/chv.cgi?CH=102628 Change 102628 by jb@jb_freebsd2 on 2006/07/28 03:07:22 IFC Affected files ... .. //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/contrib.additional.sgml#17 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml#15 integrate .. 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integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/kern_malloc.c#3 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/kern_mutex.c#7 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/kern_rwlock.c#4 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/kern_sx.c#3 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/subr_acl_posix1e.c#2 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/sys_socket.c#3 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/uipc_domain.c#5 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/uipc_sockbuf.c#1 branch .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/uipc_socket.c#7 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/uipc_socket2.c#6 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/uipc_syscalls.c#7 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/uipc_usrreq.c#8 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/kern/vfs_syscalls.c#6 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/modules/Makefile#13 integrate .. //depot/projects/dtrace/src/sys/modules/agp/Makefile#3 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//depot/projects/dtrace/www/share/sgml/usergroups.xml#6 integrate Differences ... ==== //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/contributors/contrib.additional.sgml#17 (text+ko) ==== @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ - + UIDs and GIDs + The current list of reserved UIDs and GIDs can be found + in ports/UIDs and + ports/GIDs. + If your port requires a certain user to be on the installed system, let the pkg-install script call pw to create it automatically. Look at - net/cvsup-mirror for an example. + net/cvsup-mirror for an example. + Please note that this is strongly discouraged, please register + user/group ID numbers as stated below. If your port must use the same user/group ID number when it is installed as a binary package as when it was compiled, then you must - choose a free UID from 50 to 999 and register it below. Look at + choose a free UID from 50 to 999 and register it either in + ports/UIDs (for users) or in + ports/GIDs (for groups). Look at japanese/Wnn6 for an example. Make sure you do not use a UID already used by the system or other ports. - This is the current list of UIDs between 50 and 999. - - - bind:*:53:53:Bind Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin -majordom:*:54:54:Majordomo Pseudo User:/usr/local/majordomo:/nonexistent -rdfdb:*:55:55:rdfDB Daemon:/var/db/rdfdb:/bin/sh -spamd:*:58:58:SpamAssassin user:/var/spool/spamd:/sbin/nologin -cyrus:*:60:60:the cyrus mail server:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -gnats:*:61:1:GNATS database owner:/usr/local/share/gnats/gnats-db:/bin/sh -proxy:*:62:62:Packet Filter pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico -xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/nonexistent -pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner (popper):/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -wnn:*:69:7:Wnn:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -pgsql:*:70:70:PostgreSQL pseudo-user:/usr/local/pgsql:/bin/sh -oracle:*:71:71::0:0:Oracle:/usr/local/oracle7:/sbin/nologin -ircd:*:72:72:IRC daemon:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -ircservices:*:73:73:IRC services:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -simscan:*:74:74:Simscan User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -ifmail:*:75:66:Ifmail user:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -www:*:80:80:World Wide Web Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -alias:*:81:81:QMail user:/var/qmail/alias:/nonexistent -qmaild:*:82:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent -qmaill:*:83:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent -qmailp:*:84:81:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent -qmailq:*:85:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent -qmailr:*:86:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent -qmails:*:87:82:QMail user:/var/qmail:/nonexistent -mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin -vpopmail:*:89:89:VPop Mail User:/usr/local/vpopmail:/nonexistent -firebird:*:90:90:Firebird Database Administrator:/usr/local/firebird:/bin/sh -mailman:*:91:91:Mailman User:/usr/local/mailman:/sbin/nologin -gdm:*:92:92:GDM Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin -jabber:*:93:93:Jabber Daemon:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -p4admin:*:94:94:Perforce admin:/usr/local/perforce:/sbin/nologin -interch:*:95:95:Interchange user:/usr/local/interchange:/sbin/nologin -squeuer:*:96:96:SQueuer Owner:/nonexistent:/bin/sh -mud:*:97:97:MUD Owner:/nonexistent:/bin/sh -msql:*:98:98:mSQL-2 pseudo-user:/var/db/msqldb:/bin/sh -rscsi:*:99:99:Remote SCSI:/usr/local/rscsi:/usr/local/sbin/rscsi -squid:*:100:100:squid caching-proxy pseudo user:/usr/local/squid:/sbin/nologin -quagga:*:101:101:Quagga route daemon pseudo user:/usr/local/etc/quagga:/sbin/nologin -ganglia:*:102:102:Ganglia User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -sgeadmin:*:103:103:Sun Grid Engine Admin:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -slimserv:*:104:104:Slim Devices SlimServer pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -dnetc:*:105:105:distributed.net client and proxy pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -clamav:*:106:106:Clamav Antivirus:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -cacti:*:107:107:Cacti Sandbox:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -webkit:*:108:108:WebKit Default User:/usr/local/www/webkit:/bin/sh -quickml:*:109:109:quickml Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -vscan:*:110:110:Scanning Virus Account:/var/amavis:/bin/sh -fido:*:111:111:Fido System:/usr/local/fido:/bin/sh -dcc:*:112:112:Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -amavis:*:113:113:Amavis-stats Account:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -dhis:*:114:114:DHIS Daemon:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -_symon:*:115:115:Symon Account:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin -hplip:*:116:116:HPLIP Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -postfix:*:125:125:Postfix Mail System:/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin -_bgpd:*:130:130:BGP Daemon:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin -_ospfd:*:131:131:OSPF Daemon:/var/empty:/sbin/nologin -rbldns:*:153:153:rbldnsd pseudo-user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -sfs:*:171:171:Self-Certifying File System:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -agk:*:172:172:AquaGateKeeper:/nonexistent:/nonexistent -polipo:*:173:173:polipo web cache:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -bogomilter:*:174:174:milter-bogom:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -moinmoin:*:192:192:MoinMoin User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -sympa:*:200:200:Sympa Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -privoxy:*:201:201:Privoxy proxy user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -dspam:*:202:202:Dspam:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -shoutcast:*:210:210:Shoutcast sandbox:/nonexistent:/bin/sh -_tor:*:256:256:Tor anonymising router:/var/db/tor:/bin/sh -smxs:*:260:260:Sendmail X SMTPS:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -smxq:*:261:261:Sendmail X QMGR:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -smxc:*:262:262:Sendmail X SMTPC:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -smxm:*:263:263:Sendmail X misc:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -smx:*:264:264:Sendmail X other:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -mrtg:*:279:279:MRTG daemon:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -ldap:*:389:389:OpenLDAP Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -drweb:*:426:426:Dr.Web Mail Scanner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -courier:*:465:465:Courier Mail Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -_bbstored:*:505:505::0:0:BoxBackup Store Daemon:/nonexistent:/bin/sh -ejabberd:*:544:544::0:0:ejabberd pseudo user:/var/spool/ejabberd:/bin/sh -qtss:*:554:554:Darwin Streaming Server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -ircdru:*:555:555:Russian hybrid IRC server:/nonexistent:/bin/sh -messagebus:*:556:556:D-BUS Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -avahi:*:558:558:Avahi Daemon User:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -bnetd:*:700:700:Bnetd user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin -bopm:*:717:717:Blitzed Open Proxy Monitor:/nonexistent:/bin/sh -openxpki:*:777:777:OpenXPKI Owner:/nonexistent:/usr/sbin/nologin -bacula:*:910:910:Bacula Daemon:/var/db/bacula:/sbin/nologin - - This is the current list of reserved GIDs. - - - - bind:*:53: -rdfdb:*:55: -spamd:*:58: -cyrus:*:60: -proxy:*:62: -authpf:*:63: -uucp:*:66: -xten:*:67: -dialer:*:68: -network:*:69: -pgsql:*:70: -simscan:*:74: -audit:*:77: -www:*:80: -qnofiles:*:81: -qmail:*:82: -mysql:*:88: -vpopmail:*:89: -firebird:*:90: -mailman:*:91: -gdm:*:92: -jabber:*:93: -p4admin:*:94: -interch:*:95: -squeuer:*:96: -mud:*:97: -msql:*:98: -rscsi:*:99: -squid:*:100: -quagga:*:101: -ganglia:*:102: -sgeadmin:*:103: -slimserv:*:104: -dnetc:*:105: -clamav:*:106: -cacti:*:107: -webkit:*:108: -quickml:*:109: -vscan:*:110: -fido:*:111: -dcc:*:112: -amavis:*:113: -dhis:*:114: -_symon:*:115: -postfix:*:125: -maildrop:*:126: -_bgpd:*:130: -_ospfd:*:131: -rbldns:*:153: -sfs:*:171: -agk:*:172: -polipo:*:173: -moinmoin:*:192: -sympa:*:200: -dspam:*:202: -_tor:*:256: -smxs:*:260: -smxq:*:261: -smxc:*:262: -smxm:*:263: -smx:*:264: -mrtg:*:279: -ldap:*:389: -drweb:*:426: -courier:*:465: -_bbstored:*:505: -ejabberd:*:544: -qtss:*:554: -ircdru:*:555: -messagebus:*:556: -realtime:*:557: -avahi:*:558: -bnetd:*:700: -bopm:*:717: -openxpki:*:777: -bacula:*:910: - - Please include a notice when you submit a port (or an upgrade) - that reserves a new UID or GID in this range. This allows us to - keep the list of reserved IDs up to date. + Please include a patch against these two files when you + require a new user or group to be created for your + port. ==== //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/share/sgml/man-refs.ent#10 (text+ko) ==== @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ lexicographical order by the entity (i.e., the dots used in place of special characters should not be expanded when comparing). - $FreeBSD: doc/share/sgml/man-refs.ent,v 1.390 2006/06/25 15:07:09 marck Exp $ + $FreeBSD: doc/share/sgml/man-refs.ent,v 1.393 2006/07/25 15:38:35 bmah Exp $ --> @@ -3304,6 +3304,7 @@ + @@ -3505,6 +3506,7 @@ + @@ -3601,6 +3603,7 @@ + @@ -3633,6 +3636,7 @@ + @@ -3891,6 +3895,7 @@ + ==== //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/zh_TW.Big5/books/developers-handbook/book.sgml#2 (text+ko) ==== @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ FreeBSD Developers' Handbook - The FreeBSD Documentation Project + FreeBSD 文件計畫 August 2000 @@ -46,25 +47,25 @@ - Welcome to the Developers' Handbook. This manual is a - work in progress and is the work of many - individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those - that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in - helping with this project, send email to the &a.doc;. - - The latest version of this document is always available - from the FreeBSD World - Wide Web server. It may also be downloaded in a - variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP - server or one of the numerous mirror - sites. + + 歡迎使用 Developers' Handbook! + 這份文件是由許多人 不斷撰寫 而成的, + 而且許多章節仍需更新或者內容還是一片空白, + 如果你想幫忙 FreeBSD 文件計劃, + 請寄信到 &a.doc;。 + + + + 最新版的文件都在 FreeBSD 官網 上面, + 也可從 FreeBSD FTP server 下載不同格式的資料。 + 當然也可以在其他的 mirror站下載。 + + - Basics + 基本概念 &chap.introduction; &chap.tools; @@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ - Interprocess Communication + Interprocess Communication(IPC) &chap.sockets; &chap.ipv6; @@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ - Kernel + Kernel(核心) &chap.dma; &chap.kerneldebug; @@ -91,14 +92,14 @@ - Architectures + Architectures(電腦架構) &chap.x86; - Appendices + 附錄 ==== //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/zh_TW.Big5/books/developers-handbook/introduction/chapter.sgml#2 (text+ko) ==== @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ @@ -18,83 +19,65 @@ - Introduction + 簡介 - Developing on FreeBSD + 在 FreeBSD 開發程式 + 好了我們開始吧!我想你的 FreeBSD 已經安裝好了,而且已經準備好要用它寫點程式了吧? + 但是要從哪裡開始呢?&os; 有提供寫程式的程式或環境嗎? + 身為 programer 的我可以做什麼呢? - So here we are. System all installed and you are ready to - start programming. But where to start? What does FreeBSD - provide? What can it do for me, as a programmer? - - These are some questions which this chapter tries to answer. - Of course, programming has different levels of proficiency like - any other trade. For some it is a hobby, for others it is their - profession. The information in this chapter might be aimed - toward the beginning programmer; indeed, it could serve useful - for the programmer unfamiliar with the &os; platform. - + 本章試著回答你一些問題,當然,單就 programming 程度來說可分很多種層次, + 有的人只是單純當興趣,有的則是他的專業, + 本章主要內容是針對程式初學者, + 當然,對於那些不熟 &os; 的程式開發者而言,本文件內容也是十分實用的。 The BSD Vision - To produce the best &unix; like operating system package - possible, with due respect to the original software tools - ideology as well as usability, performance and - stability. + 為了讓你寫出來的程式在 &unix; like系統上具有良好的使用性、效能和穩定性, + 我們必須跟你介紹一些程式概念(original software tools ideology)。 - Architectural Guidelines + 程式架構指南 - Our ideology can be described by the following - guidelines + 我們想介紹的概念如下 - Do not add new functionality unless an - implementor cannot complete a real application without - it. + 在整個程式還沒寫完前,不要增加新的功能。 - It is as important to decide what a system is - not as to decide what it is. Do not serve all the world's - needs; rather, make the system extensible so that additional - needs can be met in an upwardly compatible - fashion. + 另外一個重點就是,讓你自己選擇你的程式將會具有何種功能, + 而不是讓別人決定,不想要去滿足全世界的需求,除非你想讓你的程式具有擴充性或相容性。 - The only thing worse than generalizing from one - example is generalizing from no examples at - all. + 千萬記住:在沒有相關經驗時,參考範例程式碼所寫出來的程式, + 會比自己憑空寫出來的好。 - If a problem is not completely understood, it is - probably best to provide no solution at all. + 當你寫的程式沒辦法完全解決問題時,最好的方法就是不要試著要去解決它。 - If you can get 90 percent of the desired effect - for 10 percent of the work, use the simpler - solution. + 若用 10% 的心力就能輕鬆完成 90% 的工作份量,就用這個簡單法子吧。 - Isolate complexity as much as - possible. + 盡可能地簡化問題的複雜。 - Provide mechanism, rather than policy. In - particular, place user interface policy in the client's - hands. + 提供機制(mechanism),而非原則(policy)。 + 比方說,把使用者介面選擇權交由使用者來決定。 - From Scheifler & Gettys: "X Window System" + 以上摘自 Scheifler & Gettys 的 "X Window System" 論文 - The Layout of - <filename class="directory">/usr/src</filename> + <filename class="directory">/usr/src</filename> 的架構 - The complete source code to FreeBSD is available from our - public CVS repository. The source code is normally installed in - /usr/src which contains the - following subdirectories: + + 完整的 FreeBSD 原始碼都在公開的 CVS repository 中。 + 通常 FreeBSD 原始碼都會裝在 /usr/src, + 而且包含下列子目錄: + ==== //depot/projects/dtrace/doc/zh_TW.Big5/books/developers-handbook/tools/chapter.sgml#2 (text+ko) ==== @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ @@ -19,127 +20,111 @@ - Programming Tools - Synopsis + 程式開發工具 + 概敘 - This chapter is an introduction to using some of the - programming tools supplied with FreeBSD, although much of it - will be applicable to many other versions of &unix;. It does - not attempt to describe coding in any - detail. Most of the chapter assumes little or no previous - programming knowledge, although it is hoped that most - programmers will find something of value in it. + + 本章將介紹如何使用一些 FreeBSD 所提供的程式開發工具(programing tools), + 本章所介紹的工具程式在其他版本的 &unix; 上也可使用, + 在此 並不會 嘗試描述寫程式時的每個細節, + 本章大部分篇幅都是假設你以前沒有或只有少數的寫程式經驗, + 不過,還是希望大多數的程式開發人員都能從中重新得到一些啟發。 + - Introduction + 簡介 - FreeBSD offers an excellent development environment. - Compilers for C, C++, and Fortran and an assembler come with the - basic system, not to mention a Perl interpreter and classic &unix; - tools such as sed and awk. - If that is not enough, there are many more compilers and - interpreters in the Ports collection. FreeBSD is very - compatible with standards such as &posix; and - ANSI C, as well with its own BSD heritage, so - it is possible to write applications that will compile and run - with little or no modification on a wide range of - platforms. + + FreeBSD 提供一個非常棒的開發環境, + 比如說像是 C、C++、Fortran 和 assembler(組合語言)的編譯器(compiler), + 在 FreeBSD 中都已經包含在基本的系統中了 + 更別提 Perl 和其他標準 &unix; 工具,像是sed 以及 awk, + 如果你還是覺得不夠,FreeBSD在 Ports collection 中還提供其他的編譯器和直譯器(interpreter), + FreeBSD 相容許多標準,像是 &posix;ANSI C, + 當然還有它所繼承的 BSD 傳統。 + 所以在 FreeBSD 上寫的程式不需修改或頂多稍微修改,就可以在許多平台上編譯、執行。 + - However, all this power can be rather overwhelming at first - if you have never written programs on a &unix; platform before. - This document aims to help you get up and running, without - getting too deeply into more advanced topics. The intention is - that this document should give you enough of the basics to be - able to make some sense of the documentation. + + 無論如何,就算你從來沒在 &unix; 平台上寫過程式,也可以徹底感受到FreeBSD 令人無法抗拒的迷人魔力。 + 本章的目標就是協助你快速上手,而暫時不需深入太多進階主題, + 並且講解一些基礎概念,以讓你可以瞭解我們在講些什麼。 + - Most of the document requires little or no knowledge of - programming, although it does assume a basic competence with - using &unix; and a willingness to learn! + + 本章內容並不要求你得有程式開發經驗,或者你只有一點點的經驗而已。 + 不過,我們假設你已經會 &unix; 系統的基本操作, + 而且更重要的是,請保持樂於學習的心態! + - Introduction to Programming + Programming 概念 - A program is a set of instructions that tell the computer to - do various things; sometimes the instruction it has to perform - depends on what happened when it performed a previous - instruction. This section gives an overview of the two main - ways in which you can give these instructions, or - commands as they are usually called. One way - uses an interpreter, the other a - compiler. As human languages are too - difficult for a computer to understand in an unambiguous way, - commands are usually written in one or other languages specially - designed for the purpose. + + 簡單的說,程式只是一堆指令的集合體;而這些指令是用來告訴電腦應該要作那些事情。 + 有時候,指令的執行取決於前一個指令的結果而定。 + 本章將會告訴你有 2 個主要的方法,讓你可以對電腦下達這些指示(instruction) 或 命令(commands)。 + 第一個方法就是 直譯器(interpreter), + 而第二個方法是 編譯器(compiler)。 + 由於對於電腦而言,人類語言的語意過於模糊而太難理解, + 因此命令(commands)就常會以一種(或多種)程式語言寫成,用來指示電腦所要執行的特定動作為何。 + - Interpreters + 直譯器 - With an interpreter, the language comes as an environment, - where you type in commands at a prompt and the environment - executes them for you. For more complicated programs, you can - type the commands into a file and get the interpreter to load - the file and execute the commands in it. If anything goes - wrong, many interpreters will drop you into a debugger to help - you track down the problem. + + 使用直譯器時,所使用的程式語言就像變成一個會和你互動的環境。 + 當在命令提示列上打上命令時,直譯器會即時執行該命令。 + 在比較複雜的程式中,可以把所有想下達的命令統統輸入到某檔案裡面去, + 然後呼叫直譯器去讀取該檔案,並且執行你寫在這個檔案中的指令。 + 如果所下的指令有錯誤產生,大多數的直譯器會進入偵錯模式(debugger), + 並且顯示相關錯誤訊息,以便對程式除錯。 + - The advantage of this is that you can see the results of - your commands immediately, and mistakes can be corrected - readily. The biggest disadvantage comes when you want to - share your programs with someone. They must have the same - interpreter, or you must have some way of giving it to them, - and they need to understand how to use it. Also users may not - appreciate being thrown into a debugger if they press the - wrong key! From a performance point of view, interpreters can - use up a lot of memory, and generally do not generate code as - efficiently as compilers. + + 這種方式好處在於:可以立刻看到指令的執行結果,以及錯誤也可迅速修正。 + 相對的,最大的壞處便是當你想把你寫的程式分享給其他人時,這些人必須要有跟你一樣的直譯器。 + 而且別忘了,他們也要會使用直譯器直譯程式才行。 + 當然使用者也不希望不小心按錯鍵,就進入偵錯模式而不知所措。 + 就執行效率而言,直譯器會使用到很多的記憶體, + 而且這類直譯式程式,通常並不會比編譯器所編譯的程式的更有效率。 + - In my opinion, interpreted languages are the best way to - start if you have not done any programming before. This kind - of environment is typically found with languages like Lisp, - Smalltalk, Perl and Basic. It could also be argued that the - &unix; shell (sh, csh) is itself an - interpreter, and many people do in fact write shell - scripts to help with various - housekeeping tasks on their machine. Indeed, part - of the original &unix; philosophy was to provide lots of small - utility programs that could be linked together in shell - scripts to perform useful tasks. + + 筆者個人認為,如果你之前沒有學過任何程式語言,最好先學學習直譯式語言(interpreted languages), + 像是 Lisp,Smalltalk,Perl 和 Basic 都是,&unix; 的 shell 像是 shcsh + 它們本身就是直譯器,事實上,很多人都在它們自己機器上撰寫各式的 shell script, + 來順利完成各項 housekeeping(維護) 任務。 + &unix; 使用哲學之一就是提供大量的小工具, + 並使用 shell script 來組合運用這些小工具,以便工作更有效率。 - Interpreters available with FreeBSD + FreeBSD 提供的直譯器 - Here is a list of interpreters that are available from - the &os; Ports Collection, with a brief discussion of - some of the more popular interpreted languages. + + 下面這邊有份 &os; Ports Collection 所提供的直譯器清單,還有討論一些比較受歡迎的直譯式語言 - Instructions on how to get and install applications - from the Ports Collection can be found in the - - Ports section of the handbook. - + + 至於如何使用 Ports Collection 安裝的說明,可參閱 FreeBSD Handbook 中的 + Ports章節 BASIC - Short for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic - Instruction Code. Developed in the 1950s for teaching - University students to program and provided with every - self-respecting personal computer in the 1980s, - BASIC has been the first programming - language for many programmers. It is also the foundation - for Visual Basic. + BASIC 是 Beginner's ALL-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code 的縮寫。 + BASIC 於 1950 年代開始發展,最初開發這套語言的目的是為了教導當時的大學學生如何寫程式。 + 到了 1980,BASIC已經是很多 programmer 第一個學習的程式語言了。 + 此外,BASIC 也是 Visual Basic 的基礎。 - The Bywater Basic Interpreter can be found in the - Ports Collection as - lang/bwbasic - and the Phil Cockroft's Basic Interpreter - (formerly Rabbit Basic) is available as - lang/pbasic. + FreeBSD Ports Collection 也有收錄相關的 BASIC 直譯器。 + Bywater Basic 直譯器放在 lang/bwbasic。 + 而 Phil Cockroft's Basic 直譯器(早期也叫 Rabbit Basic)放在 lang/pbasic @@ -147,29 +132,22 @@ Lisp - A language that was developed in the late 1950s as - an alternative to the number-crunching >>> TRUNCATED FOR MAIL (1000 lines) <<<