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Date:      Mon, 20 Feb 2012 20:54:07 GMT
From:      Rene Ladan <rene@FreeBSD.org>
To:        Perforce Change Reviews <perforce@FreeBSD.org>
Subject:   PERFORCE change 206630 for review
Message-ID:  <201202202054.q1KKs7kt024468@skunkworks.freebsd.org>

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http://p4web.freebsd.org/@@206630?ac=10

Change 206630 by rene@rene_acer on 2012/02/20 20:53:48

	IFC

Affected files ...

.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml#28 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/linuxemu/chapter.sgml#14 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mac/chapter.sgml#12 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml#43 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml#16 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/security/chapter.sgml#23 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/porters-handbook/book.sgml#131 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/advanced-networking/chapter.sgml#78 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/audit/chapter.sgml#18 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/basics/chapter.sgml#19 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/config/chapter.sgml#38 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge/chapter.sgml#52 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/desktop/chapter.sgml#58 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/disks/chapter.sgml#37 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/eresources/chapter.sgml#55 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/firewalls/chapter.sgml#33 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml#38 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/jails/chapter.sgml#28 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig/chapter.sgml#31 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.sgml#24 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/linuxemu/chapter.sgml#23 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mac/chapter.sgml#21 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail/chapter.sgml#21 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors/chapter.sgml#74 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/network-servers/chapter.sgml#54 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/ports/chapter.sgml#29 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/security/chapter.sgml#35 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/serialcomms/chapter.sgml#17 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/users/chapter.sgml#11 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/virtualization/chapter.sgml#31 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/nl_NL.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/x11/chapter.sgml#44 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/share/pgpkeys/gibbs.key#1 branch
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/share/pgpkeys/pgpkeys-developers.sgml#70 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/share/pgpkeys/pgpkeys.ent#67 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/share/sgml/man-refs.ent#40 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/www/en/internal/machines.sgml#9 integrate
.. //depot/projects/docproj_nl/www/en/releases/8.3R/schedule.sgml#3 integrate

Differences ...

==== //depot/projects/docproj_nl/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml#28 (text+ko) ====

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 <!--
      The FreeBSD Documentation Project
 
-     $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml,v 1.442 2012/02/15 18:38:23 eadler Exp $
+     $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install/chapter.sgml,v 1.445 2012/02/19 20:34:17 gjb Exp $
 -->
 
 <chapter id="install">
   <chapterinfo>
     <authorgroup>
       <author>
-        <firstname>Jim</firstname>
+	<firstname>Jim</firstname>
 	<surname>Mock</surname>
 	<contrib>Restructured, reorganized, and parts
 	  rewritten by </contrib>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
     <!-- January 2000 -->
   </chapterinfo>
 
-  <title>Installing FreeBSD</title>
+  <title>Installing &os;&nbsp;8.<replaceable>x</replaceable> and Earlier</title>
 
   <sect1 id="install-synopsis">
     <title>Synopsis</title>
@@ -34,11 +34,12 @@
     <indexterm><primary>installation</primary></indexterm>
 
     <para>FreeBSD is provided with a text-based, easy to use installation
-      program called <application>sysinstall</application>.  This is the
-      default installation program for FreeBSD, although vendors are free to
-      provide their own installation suite if they wish.  This chapter
-      describes how to use <application>sysinstall</application> to install
-      FreeBSD.</para>
+      program.  &os; 9.0-RELEASE and later use the installation program
+      known as <application>bsdinstall</application>, with releases prior
+      to 9.0-RELEASE using <application>sysinstall</application> for
+      installation.  This chapter describes the use of <application>sysinstall</application>
+      to install &os;.  The use of <application>bsdinstall</application>
+      is covered in <xref linkend="bsdinstall">.</para>
 
     <para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para>
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@
       <listitem>
 	<para>How to create the FreeBSD installation disks.</para>
       </listitem>
-      
+
       <listitem>
 	<para>How FreeBSD refers to, and subdivides, your hard disks.</para>
       </listitem>
@@ -73,17 +74,101 @@
 
     <note>
       <para>In general, these installation instructions are written
-        for &i386; (<quote>PC compatible</quote>) architecture
-        computers.  Where applicable, instructions specific to other
-        platforms (for example, Alpha) will be listed.  Although this
+	for &i386; (<quote>PC compatible</quote>) architecture
+	computers.  Where applicable, instructions specific to other
+	platforms will be listed.  Although this
 	guide is kept as up to date as possible, you may find minor
 	differences between the installer and what is shown here.  It is
-	suggested that you use this chapter as a general guide rather 
+	suggested that you use this chapter as a general guide rather
 	than a literal installation manual.</para>
     </note>
 
   </sect1>
 
+  <sect1 id="install-hardware">
+    <title>Hardware Requirements</title>
+
+    <sect2 id="install-hardware-minimal">
+      <title>Minimal Configuration</title>
+
+      <para>The minimal configuration to install &os; varies with the
+	&os; version and the hardware architecture.</para>
+
+      <para>A summary of this information is given in the following sections.
+	Depending on the method you choose to install &os;, you may
+	also need a floppy drive, a supported CDROM drive, and in some
+	case a network adapter.  This will be covered by the <xref
+	linkend="install-boot-media">.</para>
+
+      <sect3>
+	<title>&os;/&arch.i386; and &os;/&arch.pc98;</title>
+
+	<para>Both &os;/&arch.i386; and &os;/&arch.pc98; require a 486 or
+	  better processor and at least 24&nbsp;MB of RAM.  You will
+	  need at least 150&nbsp;MB of free hard drive space for the
+	  most minimal installation.</para>
+
+	<note>
+	  <para>In case of old configurations, most of time, getting
+	    more RAM and more hard drive space is more important than
+	    getting a faster processor.</para>
+	</note>
+      </sect3>
+
+      <sect3>
+	<title>&os;/&arch.amd64;</title>
+
+	<para>There are two classes of processors capable of running
+	  &os;/&arch.amd64;.  The first are AMD64 processors,
+	  including the &amd.athlon;64,
+	  &amd.athlon;64-FX, &amd.opteron; or better
+	  processors.</para>
+
+	<para>The second class of processors that can use
+	  &os;/&arch.amd64; includes those using the &intel; EM64T
+	  architecture.  Examples of these processors include the
+	  &intel;&nbsp;&core;&nbsp;2 Duo, Quad, Extreme processor
+	  families, and the &intel;&nbsp;&xeon; 3000, 5000, and 7000
+	  sequences of processors.</para>
+
+	<para>If you have a machine based on an nVidia nForce3
+	  Pro-150, you <emphasis>must</emphasis> use the BIOS setup to
+	  disable the IO APIC.  If you do not have an option to do
+	  this, you will likely have to disable ACPI instead.  There
+	  are bugs in the Pro-150 chipset that we have not found a
+	  workaround for yet.</para>
+      </sect3>
+
+      <sect3>
+	<title>&os;/&arch.sparc64;</title>
+
+	<para>To install &os;/&arch.sparc64;, you will need a supported
+	  platform (see <xref
+	  linkend="install-hardware-supported">).</para>
+
+	<para>You will need a dedicated disk for &os;/&arch.sparc64;.  It
+	  is not possible to share a disk with another operating
+	  system at this time.</para>
+      </sect3>
+    </sect2>
+
+    <sect2 id="install-hardware-supported">
+      <title>Supported Hardware</title>
+
+      <para>A list of supported hardware is provided with each &os;
+	release in the &os; Hardware Notes.  This document can usually
+	be found in a file named <filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>, in
+	the top-level directory of a CDROM or FTP distribution or in
+	<application>sysinstall</application>'s documentation menu.
+	It lists, for a given architecture, what hardware devices are
+	known to be supported by each release of &os;.  Copies of the
+	supported hardware list for various releases and architectures
+	can also be found on the <ulink
+	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/index.html">Release
+	Information</ulink> page of the &os; Web site.</para>
+    </sect2>
+  </sect1>
+
   <sect1 id="install-pre">
     <title>Pre-installation Tasks</title>
 
@@ -115,10 +200,10 @@
 	<title>Sample Device Inventory</title>
 
 	<tgroup cols="4">
-          <colspec colwidth="2*">
-          <colspec colwidth="1*">
-          <colspec colwidth="1*">
-          <colspec colwidth="4*">
+	  <colspec colwidth="2*">
+	  <colspec colwidth="1*">
+	  <colspec colwidth="1*">
+	  <colspec colwidth="4*">
 	  <thead>
 	    <row>
 	      <entry>Device Name</entry>
@@ -198,11 +283,15 @@
 	  </tbody>
 	</tgroup>
       </table>
+
+      <para>Once the inventory of the components in your computer is
+	done, you have to check if they match the hardware
+	requirements of the &os; release you want to install.</para>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2>
       <title>Backup Your Data</title>
-      
+
       <para>If the computer you will be installing FreeBSD on contains
 	valuable data, then ensure you have it backed up, and that you have
 	tested the backups before installing FreeBSD.  The FreeBSD
@@ -223,10 +312,16 @@
 	laid out on the disk, and how this affects you.</para>
 
       <sect3 id="install-where-i386">
-	<title>Disk Layouts for the &i386;</title>
+	<title>Disk Layouts for &os;/&arch.i386;</title>
 
       <para>A PC disk can be divided into discrete chunks.  These chunks are
-	called <firstterm>partitions</firstterm>.  By design, the PC only
+	called <firstterm>partitions</firstterm>. Since
+	&os; internally also has partitions, the naming
+	can become confusing very quickly, therefore these
+	disk chunks are referred to as disk slices or simply slices
+	in &os; itself.  For example, the FreeBSD utility
+	<command>fdisk</command> which operates on the PC disk partitions,
+	refers to slices instead of partitions.  By design, the PC only
 	supports four partitions per disk.  These partitions are called
 	<firstterm>primary partitions</firstterm>.  To work around this
 	limitation and allow more than four partitions, a new partition type
@@ -240,7 +335,7 @@
 	partitions have the partition ID of <literal>165</literal>.</para>
 
       <para>In general, each operating system that you use will identify
-	partitions in a particular way.  For example, DOS, and its
+	partitions in a particular way.  For example, &ms-dos;, and its
 	descendants, like &windows;, assign each primary and logical partition a
 	<firstterm>drive letter</firstterm>, starting with
 	<devicename>C:</devicename>.</para>
@@ -256,34 +351,36 @@
       <para>If you are already using all the partitions on all your disks, then
 	you will have to free one of them for FreeBSD using the tools
 	provided by the other operating systems you use (e.g.,
-	<command>fdisk</command> on DOS or &windows;).</para>
+	<command>fdisk</command> on &ms-dos; or &windows;).</para>
 
       <para>If you have a spare partition then you can use that.  However, you
 	may need to shrink one or more of your existing partitions
 	first.</para>
 
-      <para>A minimal installation of FreeBSD takes as little as 100&nbsp;MB of disk
+      <para>A minimal installation of FreeBSD takes as little as 100&nbsp;MB
+	of disk
 	space.  However, that is a <emphasis>very</emphasis> minimal install,
 	leaving almost no space for your own files.  A more realistic minimum
-	is 250&nbsp;MB without a graphical environment, and 350&nbsp;MB or more if you
+	is 250&nbsp;MB without a graphical environment, and 350&nbsp;MB or
+	more if you
 	want a graphical user interface.  If you intend to install a lot of
-	third party software as well, then you will need more space.</para>
+	third-party software as well, then you will need more space.</para>
 
-      <para>You can use a commercial tool such as <application>&partitionmagic;</application>, or a free tool such as <application>GParted</application>,
+      <para>You can use a commercial tool such as <application>&partitionmagic;</application>,
+	or a free tool such as <application>GParted</application>,
 	to resize your partitions and make space for
-	FreeBSD.  The <filename>tools</filename> directory on the CDROM
-	contains two free software tools which can carry out this task, namely
-	<application>FIPS</application> and
-	<application>PResizer</application>.  Documentation for both
-	of these is available in the same directory.
-	<application>FIPS</application>,
-	<application>PResizer</application>, and
-	<application>&partitionmagic;</application> can resize
-	<acronym>FAT16</acronym> and <acronym>FAT32</acronym>
-	partitions &mdash; used in &ms-dos; through &windows; ME.  Both
+	&os;.  Both
 	<application>&partitionmagic;</application> and
 	<application>GParted</application> are known to work on
-	<acronym>NTFS</acronym>.</para>
+	<acronym>NTFS</acronym>.  <application>GParted</application>
+	is available on a number of Live CD Linux distributions, such as
+	<ulink url="http://www.sysresccd.org/">SystemRescueCD</ulink>.</para>;
+
+      <para>Problems have been reported resizing &microsoft; Vista
+	partitions.  Having a Vista installation CDROM handy when
+	attempting such an operation is recommended.  As with all
+	such disk maintenance tasks, a current set of backups is
+	also strongly advised.</para>
 
       <warning>
 	<para>Incorrect use of these tools can delete the data on your disk.
@@ -294,11 +391,13 @@
       <example>
 	<title>Using an Existing Partition Unchanged</title>
 
-	<para>Suppose that you have a computer with a single 4&nbsp;GB disk that
+	<para>Suppose that you have a computer with a single 4&nbsp;GB disk
+	  that
 	  already has a version of &windows; installed, and you have split the
 	  disk into two drive letters, <devicename>C:</devicename> and
-	  <devicename>D:</devicename>, each of which is 2&nbsp;GB in size.  You have
-	  1&nbsp;GB of data on <devicename>C:</devicename>, and 0.5&nbsp;GB of data on
+	  <devicename>D:</devicename>, each of which is 2&nbsp;GB in size.
+	  You have 1&nbsp;GB of data on <devicename>C:</devicename>, and
+	  0.5&nbsp;GB of data on
 	  <devicename>D:</devicename>.</para>
 
 	<para>This means that your disk has two partitions on it, one per
@@ -310,12 +409,12 @@
       <example>
 	<title>Shrinking an Existing Partition</title>
 
-	<para>Suppose that you have a computer with a single 4&nbsp;GB disk that
-	  already has a version of &windows; installed.  When you installed
+	<para>Suppose that you have a computer with a single 4&nbsp;GB disk
+	  that already has a version of &windows; installed.  When you installed
 	  &windows; you created one large partition, giving you a
 	  <devicename>C:</devicename> drive that is 4&nbsp;GB in size.  You are
-	  currently using 1.5&nbsp;GB of space, and want FreeBSD to have 2&nbsp;GB of
-	  space.</para>
+	  currently using 1.5&nbsp;GB of space, and want FreeBSD to have 2&nbsp;GB
+	  of space.</para>
 
 	<para>In order to install FreeBSD you will need to either:</para>
 
@@ -334,58 +433,6 @@
       </example>
 
       </sect3>
-
-      <sect3>
-	<title>Disk Layouts for the Alpha</title>
-
-	<indexterm><primary>Alpha</primary></indexterm>
-
-	<para>You will need a dedicated disk for FreeBSD on the
-	  Alpha.  It is not possible to share a disk with another
-	  operating system at this time.  Depending on the specific
-	  Alpha machine you have, this disk can either be a SCSI disk
-	  or an IDE disk, as long as your machine is capable of
-	  booting from it.</para>
-
-	<para>Following the conventions of the Digital / Compaq
-	  manuals all SRM input is shown in uppercase.  SRM is case
-	  insensitive.</para>
-
-	<para>To find the names and types of disks in your machine, use
-	  the <literal>SHOW DEVICE</literal> command from the SRM
-	  console prompt:</para>
-
-	<screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>SHOW DEVICE</userinput>
-dka0.0.0.4.0               DKA0           TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57  3476
-dkc0.0.0.1009.0            DKC0                       RZ1BB-BS  0658
-dkc100.1.0.1009.0          DKC100             SEAGATE ST34501W  0015
-dva0.0.0.0.1               DVA0
-ewa0.0.0.3.0               EWA0              00-00-F8-75-6D-01
-pkc0.7.0.1009.0            PKC0                  SCSI Bus ID 7  5.27
-pqa0.0.0.4.0               PQA0                       PCI EIDE
-pqb0.0.1.4.0               PQB0                       PCI EIDE</screen>
-
-	<para>This example is from a Digital Personal Workstation
-	  433au and shows three disks attached to the machine.  The
-	  first is a CDROM drive called <devicename>DKA0</devicename> and
-	  the other two are disks and are called
-	  <devicename>DKC0</devicename> and
-	  <devicename>DKC100</devicename> respectively.</para>
-
-	<para>Disks with names of the form <devicename>DKx</devicename>
-	  are SCSI disks.  For example <devicename>DKA100</devicename>
-	  refers to a SCSI disk with SCSI target ID 1 on the first SCSI bus (A), 
-	  whereas <devicename>DKC300</devicename> refers to a SCSI disk
-	  with SCSI ID 3 on the third SCSI bus (C).  Devicename <devicename>
-	  PKx</devicename> refers to the SCSI host bus adapter.  As
-	  seen in the <literal>SHOW DEVICE</literal> output SCSI
-	  CDROM drives are treated as any other SCSI hard disk drive.</para>
-
-	<para>IDE disks have names similar to <devicename>DQx</devicename>,
-	  while <devicename>PQx</devicename> is the associated IDE
-	  controller.</para>
-
-      </sect3>
     </sect2>
 
     <sect2>
@@ -402,8 +449,8 @@
 	<title>Connecting to an Ethernet Network or Cable/DSL Modem</title>
 
 	<para>If you connect to an Ethernet network, or you have an Internet
-	  connection using an Ethernet adapter via cable or DSL, then you will need the following
-	  information:</para>
+	  connection using an Ethernet adapter via cable or DSL, then you will
+	  need the following information:</para>
 
 	<orderedlist>
 	  <listitem>
@@ -459,20 +506,21 @@
     </sect2>
     <sect2>
       <title>Check for FreeBSD Errata</title>
-      
+
       <para>Although the FreeBSD project strives to ensure that each release
 	of FreeBSD is as stable as possible, bugs do occasionally creep into
 	the process.  On very rare occasions those bugs affect the
 	installation process.  As these problems are discovered and fixed, they
-	are noted in the <ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/&rel.current;R/errata.html">FreeBSD Errata</ulink>, which is found on the FreeBSD web site.  You
+	are noted in the <ulink url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/&rel.current;R/errata.html">FreeBSD Errata</ulink>,
+	which is found on the FreeBSD web site.  You
 	should check the errata before installing to make sure that there are
 	no late-breaking problems which you should be aware of.</para>
 
       <para>Information about all the releases, including the errata for each
-	release, can be found on the 
+	release, can be found on the
 	<ulink
 	url="&url.base;/releases/index.html">release
-	information</ulink> section of the 
+	information</ulink> section of the
 	<ulink
 	  url="&url.base;/index.html">FreeBSD web site</ulink>.</para>
     </sect2>
@@ -485,13 +533,17 @@
 
       <itemizedlist>
 	<title>Local Media</title>
-	
+
 	<listitem>
 	  <para>A CDROM or DVD</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
-	  <para>A DOS partition on the same computer</para>
+	  <para>A USB Memory Stick</para>
+	</listitem>
+
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>A &ms-dos; partition on the same computer</para>
 	</listitem>
 
 	<listitem>
@@ -521,26 +573,26 @@
       </itemizedlist>
 
       <para>If you have purchased FreeBSD on CD or DVD then you already have
-	everything you need, and should proceed to the next section 
-	(<xref linkend="install-floppies">).</para>
+	everything you need, and should proceed to the next section
+	(<xref linkend="install-boot-media">).</para>
 
       <para>If you have not obtained the FreeBSD installation files you should
 	skip ahead to <xref linkend="install-diff-media"> which explains how
 	to prepare to install FreeBSD from any of the above.  After reading
-	that section, you should come back here, and read on to 
-	<xref linkend="install-floppies">.</para>
+	that section, you should come back here, and read on to
+	<xref linkend="install-boot-media">.</para>
     </sect2>
 
-    <sect2 id="install-floppies">
+    <sect2 id="install-boot-media">
       <title>Prepare the Boot Media</title>
-      
+
       <para>The FreeBSD installation process is started by booting your
 	computer into the FreeBSD installer&mdash;it is not a program you run
 	within another operating system.  Your computer normally boots using
 	the operating system installed on your hard disk, but it can also be
 	configured to use a <quote>bootable</quote> floppy disk.
 	Most modern computers can also
-	boot from a CDROM in the CDROM drive.</para>
+	boot from a CDROM in the CDROM drive or from a USB disk.</para>
 
       <tip>
 	<para>If you have FreeBSD on CDROM or DVD (either one you purchased
@@ -550,41 +602,159 @@
 	  FreeBSD CDROM and DVD images are bootable and can be used to install
 	  FreeBSD without any other special preparation.</para>
       </tip>
-    
+
+      <para>To create a bootable memory stick, follow these
+	steps:</para>
+
+      <procedure>
+	<step>
+	  <title>Acquire the Memory Stick Image</title>
+
+	  <para>Memory stick images for
+	    &os;&nbsp;8.<replaceable>X</replaceable> and earlier can be downloaded from
+	    the <filename class="directory">ISO-IMAGES/</filename>
+	    directory at
+	    <literal>ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<replaceable>arch</replaceable>/ISO-IMAGES/<replaceable>version</replaceable>/&os;-<replaceable>version</replaceable>-RELEASE-<replaceable>arch</replaceable>-memstick.img</literal>.
+	    Replace <replaceable>arch</replaceable> and
+	    <replaceable>version</replaceable> with the
+	    architecture and the version number which you want to
+	    install, respectively.  For example, the memory stick
+	    images for &os;/&arch.i386;&nbsp;&rel2.current;-RELEASE are
+	    available from <ulink
+	      url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/&arch.i386;/ISO-IMAGES/&rel2.current;/&os;-&rel2.current;-RELEASE-&arch.i386;-memstick.img"></ulink>.</para>;
+
+	  <tip>
+	    <para>A different directory path is used for
+	      &os;&nbsp;9.0-RELEASE and later versions.  Details of
+	      download and installation of &os;&nbsp;9.0-RELEASE and
+	      later is covered in <xref linkend="bsdinstall">.</para>
+	  </tip>
+
+	  <para>The memory stick image has a <filename>.img</filename>
+	    extension.  The <filename
+	    class="directory">ISO-IMAGES/</filename> directory
+	    contains a number of different images, and the one you
+	    will need to use will depend on the version of &os; you
+	    are installing, and in some cases, the hardware you are
+	    installing to.</para>
+
+	  <important>
+	    <para>Before proceeding, <emphasis>back up</emphasis> the
+	      data you currently have on your USB stick, as this
+	      procedure will <emphasis>erase</emphasis> it.</para>
+	  </important>
+	</step>
+
+	<step>
+	  <title>Write The Image File to the Memory Stick</title>
+
+	  <procedure>
+	    <title>Using FreeBSD To Write the Image</title>
+
+	    <warning>
+	      <para>The example below
+		lists <filename class="devicefile">/dev/da0</filename> as the
+		target device where the image will be written. Be very careful
+		that you have the correct device as the output target, or you
+		may destroy your existing data.</para>
+	    </warning>
+
+	    <step>
+	      <title>Writing the Image with &man.dd.1;</title>
+
+	      <para>The <filename>.img</filename> file
+		is <emphasis>not</emphasis> a regular file you copy to the
+		memory stick.  It is an image of the complete contents of the
+		disk.  This means that you <emphasis>cannot</emphasis> simply
+		copy files from one disk to another.  Instead, you must use
+		&man.dd.1; to write the image directly to the disk:</para>
+
+	      <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=&os;-&rel2.current;-RELEASE-&arch.i386;-memstick.img of=/dev/<replaceable>da0</replaceable> bs=64k</userinput></screen>
+
+	      <para>If an
+		<computeroutput>Operation not permitted</computeroutput>
+		error is displayed, make certain that the target device
+		is not in use, mounted, or being automounted by some
+		well-intentioned utility program.  Then try
+		again.</para>
+	    </step>
+	  </procedure>
+
+	  <procedure>
+	    <title>Using &windows; To Write the Image</title>
+
+	    <warning>
+	      <para>Make sure you use the correct drive letter as the output
+		target, or you may overwrite and destroy existing data.</para>
+	    </warning>
+
+	    <step>
+	      <title>Obtaining <application>Image Writer for Windows</application></title>
+
+	      <para><application>Image Writer for Windows</application> is a
+	        free application that can correctly write an image file to a
+	        memory stick.  Download it from
+	        <ulink url="https://launchpad.net/win32-image-writer/"></ulink>;
+	        and extract it into a folder.</para>
+	    </step>
+
+	    <step>
+	      <title>Writing The Image with Image Writer</title>
+
+	      <para>Double-click
+	        the <application>Win32DiskImager</application> icon to start
+	        the program.  Verify that the drive letter shown
+	        under <computeroutput>Device</computeroutput> is the drive
+	        with the memory stick.  Click the folder icon and select the
+	        image to be written to the memory stick.
+	        Click <guibutton>Save</guibutton> to accept the image file
+	        name.  Verify that everything is correct, and that no folders
+	        on the memory stick are open in other windows.  Finally,
+	        click <guibutton>Write</guibutton> to write the image file to
+	        the drive.</para>
+	    </step>
+	  </procedure>
+	</step>
+      </procedure>
+
       <para>To create boot floppy images, follow these steps:</para>
 
       <procedure>
 	<step>
 	  <title>Acquire the Boot Floppy Images</title>
-	  
+
+	  <important>
+	    <para>Please note, as of &os;&nbsp;8.<replaceable>X</replaceable>, floppy disk images are
+	      no longer available.  Please see above for instructions
+	      on how to install &os; using a USB memory stick or just
+	      use a CDROM or a DVD.</para>
+	  </important>
+
 	  <para>The boot disks are available on your installation media
 	    in the <filename>floppies/</filename> directory, and
-	    can also be downloaded from the floppies directory, <literal>ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<replaceable>&lt;arch&gt;</replaceable>/<replaceable>&lt;version&gt;</replaceable>-RELEASE/floppies/</literal>.
-	    Replace <replaceable>&lt;arch&gt;</replaceable> and
-	    <replaceable>&lt;version&gt;</replaceable>
+	    can also be downloaded from the floppies directory,
+	    <literal>ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/<replaceable>arch</replaceable>/<replaceable>version</replaceable>-RELEASE/floppies/</literal>.
+	    Replace <replaceable>arch</replaceable> and
+	    <replaceable>version</replaceable>
 	    with the architecture and the version number
 	    which you want to install, respectively.
 	    For example, the boot floppy images for
-	    &os;&nbsp;&rel.current;-RELEASE for &i386; are available
-	    from <ulink url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel.current;-RELEASE/floppies/"></ulink>.</para>;
+	    &os;/&arch.i386;&nbsp;&rel2.current;-RELEASE are available
+	    from <ulink url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/&rel2.current;-RELEASE/floppies/"></ulink>.</para>;
 
 	  <para>The floppy images have a <filename>.flp</filename> extension.
 	    The <filename>floppies/</filename> directory contains a number of
 	    different images, and the ones you will need to use depends on the
 	    version of FreeBSD you are installing, and in some cases, the
 	    hardware you are installing to.
-	    In most cases you will need three
+	    In most cases you will need four
 	    floppies, <filename>boot.flp</filename>,
-	    <filename>kern1.flp</filename>, and
-	    <filename>kern2.flp</filename>.  Check
+	    <filename>kern1.flp</filename>,
+	    <filename>kern2.flp</filename>, and
+	    <filename>kern3.flp</filename>.  Check
 	    <filename>README.TXT</filename> in the same directory for the
 	    most up to date information about these floppy images.</para>
 
-	  <note><para>Additional device drivers may
-	    be necessary for 5.X systems older than &os;&nbsp;5.3.
-	    These drivers are provided on the
-	    <filename>drivers.flp</filename> image.</para></note>
-
 	  <important>
 	    <para>Your FTP program must use <emphasis>binary mode</emphasis>
 	      to download these disk images.  Some web browsers have been
@@ -596,7 +766,7 @@
 
 	<step>
 	  <title>Prepare the Floppy Disks</title>
-	  
+
 	  <para>You must prepare one floppy disk per image file you had to
 	    download.  It is imperative that these disks are free from
 	    defects.  The easiest way to test this is to format the disks
@@ -628,14 +798,14 @@
 
 	  <indexterm><primary>DOS</primary></indexterm>
 	  <para>If you are creating the floppies on a computer running
-      &ms-dos;/&windows;, then we provide a tool to do
-      this called <command>fdimage</command>.</para>
+	    &ms-dos; / &windows;, then we provide a tool to do
+	    this called <command>fdimage</command>.</para>
 
 	  <para>If you are using the floppies from the CDROM, and your
-	    CDROM is the <devicename>E:</devicename> drive, then you would 
+	    CDROM is the <devicename>E:</devicename> drive, then you would
 	    run this:</para>
 
-	  <screen><prompt>E:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>tools\fdimage floppies\kern.flp A:</userinput></screen>
+	  <screen><prompt>E:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>tools\fdimage floppies\boot.flp A:</userinput></screen>
 
 	  <para>Repeat this command for each <filename>.flp</filename>
 	    file, replacing the floppy disk each time, being sure to label
@@ -646,13 +816,13 @@
 	    the <ulink
 	    url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/tools/"><filename class="directory">tools</filename>
 	    directory</ulink> on the FreeBSD FTP site.</para>
-	  
+
 	  <para>If you are writing the floppies on a &unix; system (such as
 	    another FreeBSD system) you can use the &man.dd.1; command to
 	    write the image files directly to disk.  On FreeBSD, you would
 	    run:</para>
-	  
-	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=kern.flp of=/dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
+
+	  <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=boot.flp of=/dev/fd0</userinput></screen>
 
 	  <para>On FreeBSD, <filename>/dev/fd0</filename> refers to the
 	    first floppy disk (the <devicename>A:</devicename> drive).
@@ -693,7 +863,7 @@
       <title>Booting</title>
 
       <sect3 id="install-starting-i386">
-        <title>Booting for the &i386;</title>
+	<title>Booting for the &i386;</title>
 
       <procedure>
 	<step>
@@ -717,13 +887,14 @@
 	<step>
 	  <para>Find the setting that controls which devices the system boots
 	    from.  This is usually labeled as the <quote>Boot Order</quote>
-            and commonly shown as a list of devices, such as
+	    and commonly shown as a list of devices, such as
 	    <literal>Floppy</literal>, <literal>CDROM</literal>,
 	    <literal>First Hard Disk</literal>, and so on.</para>
 
-	  <para>If you needed to prepare boot floppies, then make sure that the
-	    floppy disk is selected.  If you are booting from the CDROM then
-	    make sure that that is selected instead.  In case of doubt, you
+	  <para>If you are booting from the CDROM then make sure that
+	    the CDROM is selected.  If you are booting from a USB disk or
+	    a floppy disk then
+	    make sure that is selected instead.  In case of doubt, you
 	    should consult the manual that came with your computer, and/or its
 	    motherboard.</para>
 
@@ -732,16 +903,23 @@
 	</step>
 
 	<step>
-	  <para>If you needed to prepare boot floppies, as described in 
-	    <xref linkend="install-floppies">, then one of them will be the
-	    first boot disc, probably the one containing
-	    <filename>kern.flp</filename>.  Put this disc in your floppy
-	    drive.</para>
+	  <para>If you prepared a <quote>bootable</quote> USB stick, as described in
+	    <xref linkend="install-boot-media">, then plug in your USB
+	    stick before turning on the computer.</para>
 
 	  <para>If you are booting from CDROM, then you will need to turn on
 	    the computer, and insert the CDROM at the first
 	    opportunity.</para>
 
+	  <note>
+	    <para>For &os;&nbsp;7.<replaceable>X</replaceable>, installation
+	      boot floppies are available and can be prepared as
+	      described in <xref linkend="install-boot-media">.  One of
+	      them will be the first boot disc:
+	      <filename>boot.flp</filename>.  Put this disc in your
+	      floppy drive and boot the computer.</para>
+	  </note>
+
 	  <para>If your computer starts up as normal and loads your existing
 	    operating system, then either:</para>
 
@@ -763,129 +941,133 @@
 	    </listitem>
 	</orderedlist>
 	</step>
-    
+
 	<step>
 	  <para>FreeBSD will start to boot.  If you are booting from CDROM you
-	    will see a display similar to this (version information omitted):</para>
-	  
-	  <screen>Verifying DMI Pool Data ........
-Boot from ATAPI CD-ROM :
- 1. FD 2.88MB  System Type-(00)
-Uncompressing ... done
+	    will see a display similar to this (version information
+	    omitted):</para>
+
+	  <screen>Booting from CD-Rom...
+645MB medium detected
+CD Loader 1.2
+
+Building the boot loader arguments
+Looking up /BOOT/LOADER... Found
+Relocating the loader and the BTX
+Starting the BTX loader
 
-BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.01
-Console: internal video/keyboard
-BIOS drive A: is disk0
-BIOS drive B: is disk1
-BIOS drive C: is disk2
-BIOS drive D: is disk3
-BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory
+BTX loader 1.00 BTX version is 1.02
+Consoles: internal video/keyboard
+BIOS CD is cd0
+BIOS drive C: is disk0
+BIOS drive D: is disk1
+BIOS 636kB/261056kB available memory
 
-FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8
+FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1
 
-/kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |
+Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
+/boot/kernel/kernel text=0x64daa0 data=0xa4e80+0xa9e40 syms=[0x4+0x6cac0+0x4+0x88e9d]
+\</screen>
 
-|
-Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt.
-Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _</screen>
-	
 	  <para>If you are booting from floppy disc, you will see a display
 	    similar to this (version information omitted):</para>
-	
-	  <screen>Verifying DMI Pool Data ........ 
+
+	  <screen>Booting from Floppy...
+Uncompressing ... done
 
-BTX loader 1.00  BTX version is 1.01 
-Console: internal video/keyboard 
-BIOS drive A: is disk0 
-BIOS drive C: is disk1 
-BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory 
+BTX loader 1.00  BTX version is 1.01
+Console: internal video/keyboard
+BIOS drive A: is disk0
+BIOS drive C: is disk1
+BIOS 639kB/261120kB available memory
 
-FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 0.8 
+FreeBSD/i386 bootstrap loader, Revision 1.1
 
+Loading /boot/defaults/loader.conf
 /kernel text=0x277391 data=0x3268c+0x332a8 |
 
-Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:</screen>
+Insert disk labelled "Kernel floppy 1" and press any key...</screen>
 
 	  <para>Follow these instructions by removing the
-	    <filename>kern.flp</filename> disc, insert the
-	    <filename>mfsroot.flp</filename> disc, and press
-	    <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  &os;&nbsp;5.3
-	    and above provide other floppy disks set, as described
-	    in <link linkend="install-floppies">previous
-	    section</link>.  Boot from first floppy;
+	    <filename>boot.flp</filename> disc, insert the
+	    <filename>kern1.flp</filename> disc, and press
+	    <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  Boot from first floppy;
 	    when prompted, insert the other disks as required.</para>
 	</step>
 
 	<step>
-	  <para>Whether you booted from floppy or CDROM, the
-	    boot process will then get to this point:</para>
+	  <para>Whether you booted from CDROM, USB stick or floppy, the
+	    boot process will then get to the &os; boot loader
+	    menu:</para>
+
+	  <figure id="boot-loader-menu">
+	    <title>&os; Boot Loader Menu</title>
 
-	  <screen>Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. 
-Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _</screen>
+	    <mediaobject>
+	      <imageobject>
+		<imagedata fileref="install/boot-loader-menu" format="PNG">
+	      </imageobject>
+	    </mediaobject>
+	  </figure>
 
-	  <para>Either wait ten seconds, or press <keycap>Enter</keycap></para>
+	  <para>Either wait ten seconds, or press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
 	</step>
       </procedure>
 
       </sect3>
+
       <sect3>
-        <title>Booting for the Alpha</title>
+	<title>Booting for &sparc64;</title>
 
-	<indexterm><primary>Alpha</primary></indexterm>
+	<para>Most &sparc64; systems are set up to boot automatically
+	  from disk.  To install &os;, you need to boot over the
+	  network or from a CDROM, which requires you to break into
+	  the PROM (OpenFirmware).</para>
 
-      <procedure>
-	<step>
-	  <para>Start with your computer turned off.</para>
-	</step>
+	<para>To do this, reboot the system, and wait until the boot
+	  message appears.  It depends on the model, but should look
+	  about like:</para>
 
-	<step>
-	  <para>Turn on the computer and wait for a boot monitor
-	    prompt.</para>
-        </step>
+    <screen>Sun Blade 100 (UltraSPARC-IIe), Keyboard Present
+Copyright 1998-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All rights reserved.
+OpenBoot 4.2, 128 MB memory installed, Serial #51090132.
+Ethernet address 0:3:ba:b:92:d4, Host ID: 830b92d4.</screen>
 
-	<step>
-	  <para>If you needed to prepare boot floppies, as described in 
-	    <xref linkend="install-floppies"> then one of them will be the
-	    first boot disc, probably the one containing
-	    <filename>kern.flp</filename>.  Put this disc in your floppy
-	    drive and type the following command to boot the disk
-	    (substituting the name of your floppy drive if
-	    necessary):</para>
+	<para>If your system proceeds to boot from disk at this point,
+	  you need to press
+	  <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>L1</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>
+	  or
+	  <keycombo action="simul"><keycap>Stop</keycap><keycap>A</keycap></keycombo>
+	  on the keyboard, or send a <command>BREAK</command> over the
+	  serial console (using for example <command>~#</command> in
+	  &man.tip.1; or &man.cu.1;) to get to the PROM prompt.  It
+	  looks like this:</para>
 
-	  <screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>BOOT DVA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''</userinput></screen>
+	<screenco>
+	  <areaspec>
+	    <area id="prompt-single" coords="1 5">
+	    <area id="prompt-smp" coords="2 5">
+	  </areaspec>
 
-	  <para>If you are booting from CDROM, insert the CDROM into
-	    the drive and type the following command to start the
-	    installation (substituting the name of the appropriate
-	    CDROM drive if necessary):</para>
+	  <screen><prompt>ok     </prompt>
+<prompt>ok {0} </prompt></screen>
 
-          <screen>&gt;&gt;&gt;<userinput>BOOT DKA0 -FLAGS '' -FILE ''</userinput></screen>
-	</step>
-    
-	<step>
-	  <para>FreeBSD will start to boot.  If you are booting from a
-	    floppy disc, at some point you will see the message:</para>
+	  <calloutlist>
+	    <callout arearefs="prompt-single">
+	      <para>This is the prompt used on systems with just one
+		CPU.</para>
+	    </callout>
 
-	  <screen>Please insert MFS root floppy and press enter:</screen>
+	    <callout arearefs="prompt-smp">
+	      <para>This is the prompt used on SMP systems, the digit
+		indicates the number of the active CPU.</para>
+	    </callout>
+	  </calloutlist>
+	</screenco>
 
-	  <para>Follow these instructions by removing the
-	    <filename>kern.flp</filename> disc, insert the
-	    <filename>mfsroot.flp</filename> disc, and press
-	    <keycap>Enter</keycap>.</para>
-	</step>
-
-	<step>
-	  <para>Whether you booted from floppy or CDROM, the
-	    boot process will then get to this point:</para>
+	<para>At this point, place the CDROM into your drive, and from
+	  the PROM prompt, type <command>boot cdrom</command>.</para>
 
-	  <screen>Hit [Enter] to boot immediately, or any other key for command prompt. 
-Booting [kernel] in 9 seconds... _</screen>
-
-	  <para>Either wait ten seconds, or press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.  This
-	    will then launch the kernel configuration menu.</para>
-	</step>
-      </procedure>
-
       </sect3>

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