Date: Wed, 15 Jul 1998 09:16:27 -0500 (CDT) From: Mark Tinguely <tinguely@plains.NoDak.edu> To: derf@netxxpress.net, freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG Subject: Re: Hi Message-ID: <199807151416.JAA26105@plains.NoDak.edu>
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> I'm new at FreeBSD > How do I tell the differance between a Program and a Directory? program (binary executables and scripts) are stored as regular files. Programs must have the a special execute bit enabled to execute. Directories are special files that must have the "directory" bit set. to view these special mode bits, use either the "long" (-l) or "special" (-F) displays in the program "ls": /bin/ls -la total 374 drwxr-xr-x 3 guest other 512 Feb 24 16:42 . drwxr-xr-x 11 root wheel 3584 Jun 30 08:59 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 guest other 88 May 8 1995 .kshrc -rw-r--r-- 1 guest other 582 Apr 11 1996 .profile drwxr-xr-x 2 guest other 512 Jul 17 1995 News -rw-rw-rw- 1 guest other 515 Feb 24 16:58 photo.bmp lrwxrwxrwx 1 guest other 8 Jul 15 08:42 z -> .profile ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ permissions owner group filename the "d" bit signifies that this file is a directory. the directory "." is the current directory. the directory ".." is the parent directory. the "l" bit signifies that this file is a symbolic link. A symbolic link refers the name of an other file or directory and the other file or dirctory may exist on another filesytem. not having the "d" or "l" bits set makes the file a regular file. the files have 3 sets of permissions. A set consists of read, write, and execute permissions. these three permissions are given/denied for owner, group and others, searched in that order. if you are a owner and permission is granted/denied then you are granted/denied that permission. if you are not the owner, then if you are in the file's group, then you are granted/denied permission base upon the file's group permission field. if you are niether owner nor in the group, then your granted/denied permission is based upon the file's other permission field. The file: -r--r--rw- 1 guest other 515 Feb 24 16:58 silly is readable by everyone and writable only by those that are not the owner of the file (guest) and not in the group "other". the file runme (below) has the proper execable flags, but may or may not be a program. programs also must have "MAGIC" header to they are an executable and what kind of executable (a.out, elf, linux executable, script file, etc). -rwxr-xr-x 1 guest other 515 Feb 24 16:58 runme a quick to find out if a file that has the executable bit set is a program is to run the program "file EXECUTABLE_FILENAME": $ file runme runme: setgid FreeBSD/i386 compact demand paged dynamically linked executable or: $ file runme runme: Bourne-Again shell script text these are a program > And I how do I launch a Program? type the program name: $ runme # if program is in your PATH $ ./runme # it is in the current directory $ ../guest/runme # give a relative location from current directory > I'm trying to launch Apache > Please some help I cant find where it is at you can search your PATH for the program by doing: $ which runme ^^^^^ program I searching for $ find / -name runme look through whole system (that my account has permission to traverse) for the file runme. FreeBSD does not ship with Apache installed. If it has not been done yet, you will need to install Apache from the /usr/ports/www/apache* ... directory...of course you need to install the ports files manually or using the /stand/sysinstall facility. --mark. To Unsubscribe: send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org with "unsubscribe freebsd-questions" in the body of the message
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