From owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG Wed Nov 24 14:50:39 2004 Return-Path: Delivered-To: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Received: from mx1.FreeBSD.org (mx1.freebsd.org [216.136.204.125]) by hub.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 01CF516A4CE for ; Wed, 24 Nov 2004 14:50:39 +0000 (GMT) Received: from lorna.circlesquared.com (host217-45-219-85.in-addr.btopenworld.com [217.45.219.85]) by mx1.FreeBSD.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7193A43D66 for ; Wed, 24 Nov 2004 14:50:35 +0000 (GMT) (envelope-from peter@circlesquared.com) Received: from [127.0.0.1] (localhost.circlesquared.com [127.0.0.1]) iAOEmu4r003934; Wed, 24 Nov 2004 14:48:57 GMT (envelope-from peter@circlesquared.com) Message-ID: <41A49F58.4020000@circlesquared.com> Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2004 14:48:56 +0000 From: Peter Risdon User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; FreeBSD i386; en-US; rv:1.7.3) Gecko/20041124 X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Jonathon McKitrick References: <20041123233501.GA82229@dogma.freebsd-uk.eu.org> <5557305861.20041124004849@hexren.net> <20041124000014.GA83249@dogma.freebsd-uk.eu.org> <8763344284.20041124022927@hexren.net> <20041124141737.GA11648@dogma.freebsd-uk.eu.org> In-Reply-To: <20041124141737.GA11648@dogma.freebsd-uk.eu.org> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit cc: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org cc: Hexren Subject: Re: 4 part domain names X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.1 Precedence: list List-Id: User questions List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Wed, 24 Nov 2004 14:50:39 -0000 Jonathon McKitrick wrote: > : Every unique combination of subdomain.domain.tld could point to an > : arbitray other URL or IP. > : For example > : us.510.mail.example.com = example.com > : de.510.mail.example.com = europe.mail.example.com > > I guess my question is this... > > if 'us' is the name of the node (machine) and 'example.com' is the > registered domain name, what do the '510' and 'mail' parts uniquely > identify? Why not just 'us.example.com'? I'm not an expert (IANAE should perhaps be a new acronym...), but here's how I understand it. The domain name system is completely open-ended and hierarchical. I tend to use djbdns for DNS servers, but found the bind concept of zones (and therefore zone files) very helpful. The top level is . and this is managed by the top level name servers, which have to be hard-wired into any name server. These name servers delegate responsibility for the next level down to other name servers, so .com. (the trailing dot is left out for most purposes, but not all - see your hosts file as generated by sysinstall) is managed by a number of servers, .uk. by others, and so on. These name servers delegate authority for zones within their zones to yet more name servers. This is where we come in with .com. domains, but not .uk. where there is another layer of delegation before we ordinary mortals start managing delegated zones. If you have registered example.com then authority for the whole zone of the internet, or the domain name system, below example.com. is delegated to you. You normally run name servers which publish information about hosts within this zone, but this is not the only thing you can do. You can also delegate authority for zones within this zone. Thus, there is a private company in the UK that delegates authority for zones below .uk.com. and thereby operates as a sort of private domain name registry. So you could delegate authority to stated nameservers for a zone such as mailservers.example.com and host information (A records) could be published by them for hosts such as smtp.mailservers.example.com. Of course, some of these could be aliases, and point to other hosts, but they don't have to be. And so it goes on; there's no limit to the possible delegation of zones beyond common sense and convenience. The fact that we normally manage second level domains is a function of normal practice, it isn't intrinsic to the system and it isn't the case in the UK where we normally manage third level domains. A DNS lookup for smtp.mailservers.example.com. would run as follows: 1. Look up in the static table of root name servers at least one value for a namserver that is authoritiative for . 2. Ask the . nameserver who is authoritative for .com. 3. Ask the .com. nameserver who is authoritative for example.com. 4. Ask the example.com. nameserver who is authoritative for mailservers.example.com. 5. Ask the mailservers.example.com. nameserver for the ip address of the host smtp.mailservers.example.com. The following article explains how to delegate sub domains to name servers using bind. I can't find an equivalent for djbdns and suspect there might be a limitation in that software: http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/ch9/delegate.html Corrections welcome... Peter. -- the circle squared network systems and software http://www.circlesquared.com