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Date:      Fri, 22 Jan 1999 11:46:28 +0100 (CET)
From:      Konrad Heuer <kheuer@gwdu60.gwdg.de>
To:        Robin Huiser <R.Huiser@Winthesis.com>
Cc:        "'freebsd-questions@freebsd.org'" <freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG>
Subject:   Re: Disk fragmentation and FreeBSD
Message-ID:  <Pine.BSF.3.96.990122112819.19332A-100000@gwdu60.gwdg.de>
In-Reply-To: <E12964702DD4D011A39D00805FE44CE5190AEB@ARAGORN>

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On Fri, 22 Jan 1999, Robin Huiser wrote:

> I am a using Microsoft NT Server/workstation (please read further!! :-) )
> and I was wondering why MS NTFS suffers of extreme fragmentation while my
> FreeBSD 2.2.6 server (which has the same amount of disk/file changes as the
> NT Server) has a fragmentation level of 0.6 %. (NTFS: 100 % according to
> Diskkeeper).
> 
> What makes the difference, and... are there even any defrag tools for
> FreeBSD. (I don't need them, just curious!).

I don't know many details about NTFS; I will limit myself to FreeBSD and
FAT:

FreeBSD uses the Berkeley Fast Filesystem (FFS). The usage of the term
`fragmentation' concerning FFS is very different from what is expected by
someone who is accustomed to the DOS/Windows FAT filesystem.

Fragmentation in the FAT system means the arbitrary spreading of data
blocks over the disk after a long time of operation. The result is
limited performance. You surely know about that.

The FFS doens't significantly suffer from that kind of fragmentation as
long as there enough free space (about 10% of total space) in the file
system since the block allocation algorithms are excellent. 

In the FFS, file data may be stored not only in total disk blocks (usually
8K), but also in fragments of a block (usually 1K). To be precise, the
last data block may be allocated imcomplete (one or more fragments). This
is to prevent wasting of disk space by small files. For example, 8 files
each less than 1K are stored altogether in one disk block.

Thus, the rate of fragmentation of a FFS has to do with the ratio of
allocation of fragements and blocks.

Regards

//
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// Deutschland (Germany)                      ----- The Power to Serve -----
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// kheuer@gwdu60.gwdg.de
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