Date: Wed, 12 Feb 2014 16:37:35 +0000 (UTC) From: Dru Lavigne <dru@FreeBSD.org> To: doc-committers@freebsd.org, svn-doc-all@freebsd.org, svn-doc-head@freebsd.org Subject: svn commit: r43883 - head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n Message-ID: <201402121637.s1CGbZWC077350@svn.freebsd.org>
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Author: dru Date: Wed Feb 12 16:37:35 2014 New Revision: 43883 URL: http://svnweb.freebsd.org/changeset/doc/43883 Log: Finish cleaning up this chapter. Sponsored by: iXsystems Modified: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml Modified: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml ============================================================================== --- head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml Tue Feb 11 23:27:56 2014 (r43882) +++ head/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/l10n/chapter.xml Wed Feb 12 16:37:35 2014 (r43883) @@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ <para>&os; is a distributed project with users and contributors located all over the world. As such, &os; supports localization - into many languages. This allows a user to view, input, or - process data in non-English languages. Currently, one can - choose from most of the major languages, including but not + into many languages, allowing users to view, input, or + process data in non-English languages. One can + choose from most of the major languages, including, but not limited to: Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, French, Russian, and Vietnamese.</para> @@ -41,30 +41,20 @@ <para>The term internationalization has been shortened to <acronym>i18n</acronym>, which represents the number of letters - between the first and the last letters of internationalization. - <acronym>L10n</acronym> uses the same naming scheme, coming from - <quote>localization</quote>. Combined together, + between the first and the last letters of <literal>internationalization</literal>. + <acronym>L10n</acronym> uses the same naming scheme, but from + <literal>localization</literal>. The <acronym>i18n</acronym>/<acronym>L10n</acronym> methods, protocols, and applications allow users to use languages of their choice.</para> - <para><acronym>i18n</acronym> applications are programmed using - <acronym>i18n</acronym> kits under libraries. These allow - developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus - and texts to each language.</para> - <para>This chapter discusses the internationalization and - localization features of &os;. Since there are many aspects of - the <acronym>i18n</acronym> implementation at both the system - and application levels, more specific sources of documentation - are referred to, where applicable.</para> - - <para>After reading this chapter, you will know:</para> + localization features of &os;. After reading this chapter, you + will know:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> - <para>How different languages and locales are encoded on - modern operating systems.</para> + <para>How locale names are constructed.</para> </listitem> <listitem> @@ -77,13 +67,17 @@ </listitem> <listitem> - <para>How to use <application>Xorg</application> effectively - with different languages.</para> + <para>How to configure <application>Xorg</application> for + different languages.</para> + </listitem> + + <listitem> + <para>How to find <acronym>i18n</acronym>-compliant applications.</para> </listitem> <listitem> - <para>Where to find more information about writing - <acronym>i18n</acronym>-compliant applications.</para> + <para>Where to find more information for configuring specific + languages.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> @@ -146,31 +140,43 @@ </tgroup> </table> + <para>A complete listing of available locales can be found by + typing:</para> + + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale -a | more</userinput></screen> + + <para>To determine the current locale setting:</para> + + <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale</userinput></screen> <indexterm><primary>encodings</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm> + <para>Language specific character sets, such as + ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437, are + described in &man.multibyte.3;. The active list of character sets can be found at the <link + xlink:href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA + Registry</link>.</para> + <para>Some languages, such as Chinese or Japanese, cannot be - represented using ASCII characters and require an extended + represented using <acronym>ASCII</acronym> characters and require an extended language encoding using either wide or multibyte characters. + Examples of wide or multibyte encodings include EUC and Big5. Older applications may mistake these encodings for control - characters while newer applications usually recognize 8-bit + characters while newer applications usually recognize these characters. Depending on the implementation, users may be required to compile an application with wide or multibyte - character support, or configure it correctly. The rest of + character support, or to configure it correctly.</para> + + <note> + <para>&os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings.</para> + </note> + + <para>The rest of this section describes the various methods for configuring the locale on a &os; system. The next section will discuss the - considerations for finding or compiling applications with i18n + considerations for finding and compiling applications with <acronym>i18n</acronym> support.</para> - <para>A complete listing of available locales can be found by - typing:</para> - - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale -a | more</userinput></screen> - - <para>To determine the current locale setting:</para> - - <screen>&prompt.user; <userinput>locale</userinput></screen> - <sect2 xml:id="setting-locale"> <title>Setting Locale for Login Shell</title> @@ -193,7 +199,7 @@ <listitem> <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm> - <para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar> which sets the MIME + <para><envar>MM_CHARSET</envar>, which sets the <acronym>MIME</acronym> character set used by applications</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> @@ -218,7 +224,7 @@ <para>This first method is the recommended method as it assigns the required environment variables for locale name - and MIME character sets for every possible shell. This + and <acronym>MIME</acronym> character sets for every possible shell. This setup can either be performed by each user or it can be configured for all users by the superuser.</para> @@ -257,7 +263,7 @@ me:\ <para>Alternately, the superuser can configure all users of the system for localization. The following variables in <filename>/etc/login.conf</filename> are used to set the - locale and MIME character sete:</para> + locale and <acronym>MIME</acronym> character set:</para> <programlisting><replaceable>language_name</replaceable>|<replaceable>Account Type Description</replaceable>:\ :charset=<replaceable>MIME_charset</replaceable>:\ @@ -336,7 +342,7 @@ me:\ <sect3 xml:id="startup-file"> <title>Shell Startup File Method</title> - <para>This method is not recommended as each shell that is + <para>This second method is not recommended as each shell that is used requires manual configuration, where each shell has a different configuration file and differing syntax. As an example, to set the German language for the @@ -407,11 +413,11 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequ area if the screen font uses a bit 8 column.</para> <para>To see the list of available keymaps, type - <filename>ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps</filename>. When + <command>ls /usr/share/syscons/keymaps</command>. When specifying the <replaceable>keymap_name</replaceable>, do not - include the <filename>.kbd</filename> suffix. When uncertain - as to which keymap to use, &man.kbdmap.1; can be used to test - keymaps without rebooting.</para> + include the <filename>.kbd</filename> suffix. To test + keymaps without rebooting, + use &man.kbdmap.1;.</para> <para>The <literal>keychange</literal> entry is usually needed to program function keys to match the selected terminal type @@ -507,13 +513,13 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequ </row> <row> - <entry>Japanese</entry> - <entry><package>chinese/kon2</package></entry> + <entry>Chinese/Japanese/Korean</entry> + <entry><package>chinese/zhcon</package></entry> </row> <row> - <entry>Chinese/Japanese/Korean</entry> - <entry><package>chinese/zhcon</package></entry> + <entry>Japanese</entry> + <entry><package>chinese/kon2</package></entry> </row> <row> @@ -535,7 +541,7 @@ keychange="<replaceable>fkey_number sequ &man.syscons.4; driver occupies the <literal>0xd0</literal>-<literal>0xd3</literal> range in the character set. If the language uses this range, move the - cursor's range. To enable this workaround for &os;, add the + cursor's range by adding the following line to <filename>/etc/rc.conf</filename>:</para> <programlisting>mousechar_start=3</programlisting> @@ -751,7 +757,7 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be a converted to &postscript; or PDF formats using language specific converters.</para> </sect2> - --> +Not sure where to put this section, perhaps as a note in the File system chapter? <sect2> <title>Kernel and File Systems</title> @@ -773,62 +779,32 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be a character sets, and chosen &os; filesystem character sets. Refer to &man.mount.msdosfs.8; for details.</para> </sect2> + --> </sect1> <sect1 xml:id="l10n-compiling"> - <title>Compiling <acronym>i18n</acronym> Programs</title> - - <para>The &os; <link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">&os; - Ports Collection</link> contains programs which provide - application support for wide or multibyte characters for several - languages. Refer to the <acronym>i18n</acronym> documentation - in the respective &os; port for more information on how to - configure the application correctly or to determine which - compile options to use when building the port.</para> - - <para>Some things to keep in mind are:</para> + <title>Finding <acronym>i18n</acronym> Applications</title> - <itemizedlist> - <listitem> - <para>Language specific single C chars character sets such as - ISO8859-1, ISO8859-15, KOI8-R, and CP437. These are - described in &man.multibyte.3;.</para> - </listitem> - - <listitem> - <para>Wide or multibyte encodings such as EUC and Big5.</para> - </listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para>The active list of character sets can be found at the <link - xlink:href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets">IANA - Registry</link>.</para> - - <note> - <para>&os; uses Xorg-compatible locale encodings instead.</para> - </note> - - <para>In the &os; Ports Collection, <acronym>i18n</acronym> - applications include <literal>i18n</literal> in their names for + <para><acronym>i18n</acronym> applications are programmed using + <acronym>i18n</acronym> kits under libraries. These allow + developers to write a simple file and translate displayed menus + and texts to each language.</para> + <para>The <link xlink:href="&url.base;/ports/index.html">&os; + Ports Collection</link> contains many + applications with built-in support for wide or multibyte characters for several + languages. Such applications include <literal>i18n</literal> in their names for easy identification. However, they do not always support the language needed.</para> - <para>Many applications in the &os; Ports Collection have been - ported with <acronym>i18n</acronym> support. Some of these - include <literal>-i18n</literal> in the port name. These - and many other programs have built in support for - <acronym>i18n</acronym> and need no special - consideration.</para> - - <indexterm> - <primary><application>MySQL</application></primary> - </indexterm> - <para>However, some applications such as - <application>MySQL</application> need to have their - <filename>Makefile</filename> configured with the specific + <para>Some applications can be compiled + with the specific charset. This is usually done in the port's <filename>Makefile</filename> or by passing a value to - <application>configure</application> in the source.</para> + <application>configure</application>. Refer to the <acronym>i18n</acronym> documentation + in the respective &os; port's source for more information on how to + determine the needed <application>configure</application> value + or the port's <filename>Makefile</filename> to determine which + compile options to use when building the port.</para> </sect1> <sect1 xml:id="lang-setup"> @@ -853,8 +829,13 @@ Comment out for now. If needed, can be a <secondary>Russian</secondary> </indexterm> + <para>This section shows the specific settings needed to + localize a &os; system for the Russian language. Refer to + <link linkend="using-localization">Using Localization</link> for + a more complete description of each type of setting.</para> + <para>To set this locale for the login shell, add the following - lines into each user's + lines to each user's <filename>~/.login_conf</filename>:</para> <programlisting>me:My Account:\ @@ -944,25 +925,23 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</progr <note> <para>The Russian XKB keyboard may not work with - non-localized applications.</para> - </note> - - <para>Minimally localized applications should call a + non-localized applications. Minimally localized applications should call a <function>XtSetLanguageProc (NULL, NULL, NULL);</function> function early in the program.</para> + </note> - <para>See <link xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html">; - KOI8-R for X Window</link> for more instructions on + <para>See <uri xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html">http://koi8.pp.ru/xwin.html</uri>; + for more instructions on localizing <application>Xorg</application> applications. For more general information about KOI8-R encoding, refer to - <link xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/">KOI8-R - - Russian Net Character Set</link>.</para> + <uri xlink:href="http://koi8.pp.ru/">http://koi8.pp.ru/</uri>.</para>; </sect2> <sect2> <title>Additional Language-Specific Resources</title> - <para>Some intro text here...</para> + <para>This section lists some additional resources for + configuring other locales.</para> <indexterm> <primary>localization</primary> @@ -992,11 +971,7 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</progr <listitem> <para>The &os;-Taiwan Project has a Chinese HOWTO for &os; at <uri - xlink:href="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/">http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/</uri>; - using many Chinese ports. The current editor for the - <literal>&os; Chinese HOWTO</literal> is Shen - Chuan-Hsing - <email>statue@freebsd.sinica.edu.tw</email>.</para> + xlink:href="http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/">http://netlab.cse.yzu.edu.tw/~statue/freebsd/zh-tut/</uri>.</para>; </listitem> </varlistentry> @@ -1005,9 +980,9 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</progr Languages</term> <listitem> - <para>Slaven <email>eserte@cs.tu-berlin.de</email> wrote a - tutorial on using umlauts on &os;. The tutorial is - written in German and is available at <uri + <para>A + tutorial on using umlauts on &os; is + available in German at <uri xlink:href="http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html">http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~eserte/FreeBSD/doc/umlaute/umlaute.html</uri>.</para>; </listitem> </varlistentry> @@ -1016,9 +991,8 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</progr <term>Greek Language Localization</term> <listitem> - <para>Nikos Kokkalis <email>nickkokkalis@gmail.com</email> - has written a complete article on Greek support in &os;. - It is available <link + <para>A complete article on Greek support in &os; + is available <link xlink:href="&url.doc.base;/el_GR.ISO8859-7/articles/greek-language-support/index.html">here</link>, in Greek only, as part of the official &os; Greek documentation.</para> @@ -1043,7 +1017,7 @@ Option "XkbOptions" "grp:toggle"</progr <para>Some &os; contributors have translated parts of the &os; documentation to other languages. They are available through links on the <link - xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">main site</link> or + xlink:href="&url.base;/index.html">&os; web site</link> or in <filename>/usr/share/doc</filename>.</para> </listitem> </varlistentry>
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