From owner-freebsd-questions Wed Oct 22 01:26:05 1997 Return-Path: Received: (from root@localhost) by hub.freebsd.org (8.8.7/8.8.7) id BAA16125 for questions-outgoing; Wed, 22 Oct 1997 01:26:05 -0700 (PDT) (envelope-from owner-freebsd-questions) Received: from gulfa.kuwait.net (root@gulfa.kuwait.net [199.173.153.226]) by hub.freebsd.org (8.8.7/8.8.7) with ESMTP id BAA16120 for ; Wed, 22 Oct 1997 01:25:53 -0700 (PDT) (envelope-from shadows@whitefang.com) Received: from whatever.kuwait.net(src addr [194.54.234.229]) (2125 bytes) by gulfa.kuwait.net via sendmail with P\:smtp/R:inet_hosts/T:smtp (sender: ) (ident using rfc1413) id for ; Wed, 22 Oct 1997 11:25:37 +0300 (GMT) (Smail-3.2.0.96 1997-Jun-2 #31 built 1997-Jul-11) Date: Wed, 22 Oct 1997 11:15:20 +0000 (GMT) From: Thamer Al-Herbish X-Sender: shadows@whatever.kuwait.net Reply-To: shadows@whitefang.com To: "Min Huang (tunny)" cc: FreeBSD-questions@FreeBSD.ORG Subject: Re: Out-of-band? Protocal-RAW? In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG X-Loop: FreeBSD.org Precedence: bulk On Wed, 22 Oct 1997, Min Huang (tunny) wrote: > Hi, Sir, > > These seems not FreeBSD Questions, but I hope I can get help from you. > What's Out-Of-Band ? What's its use and usage? How does it work? > What's Protocal-RAW, what's its use and useage, how does it work, > why can only super-user use it? The FreeBSD 2.2.2 man pages didn't > explain it. > > I'm looking forward to your reply. Thanks. Try man ip, or man raw or man udp or even man tcp. All of which describe how to use the particular protocols in relation to the BSD socket API. Only superuser can use raw sockets because they can be used to forge arbritary TCP/IP packets (actually you can just forge packets period as long as they look right to the kernel regardless of protocol). If you have an interest in low level networking you may want to look at bpf which allows you to capture network packets off the wire, and even write them. Other areas of interest is the source code to tcpdump, ping, and traceroute. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thamer Al-Herbish tmh@kuwait.net UNIX Programmer Gulfnet Kuwait Floor 11, Al-Gas Tower. Network Analyst Ahmad Al-Jabar St. Sharq, Kuwait. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [ For PGP key finger shadows@kuwait.net ]