From owner-freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG Sat Nov 29 14:56:26 2014 Return-Path: Delivered-To: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Received: from mx1.freebsd.org (mx1.freebsd.org [IPv6:2001:1900:2254:206a::19:1]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher AECDH-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by hub.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 736A9F1 for ; Sat, 29 Nov 2014 14:56:26 +0000 (UTC) Received: from mail-qc0-x22a.google.com (mail-qc0-x22a.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:400d:c01::22a]) (using TLSv1 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-RC4-SHA (128/128 bits)) (Client CN "smtp.gmail.com", Issuer "Google Internet Authority G2" (verified OK)) by mx1.freebsd.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 2C286FCE for ; Sat, 29 Nov 2014 14:56:26 +0000 (UTC) Received: by mail-qc0-f170.google.com with SMTP id x3so5968202qcv.29 for ; Sat, 29 Nov 2014 06:56:24 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20120113; h=mime-version:date:message-id:subject:from:to:content-type; bh=ciY5OXTce5P3gcxdGf8MvMdBMrWdyLaou79N8EQk6pI=; b=qc0cBgFs7e0br66uK5/axzKtLkrRh8acoP+cIch2tIpl8gyz7Jb0hfPP4KXVlCJNya D6Jq2R3iZhVlvY6VYXlZsBd5SOf5qiC9VKCuYZmxyrEUXHkX7jo3ZIIAgMmY71LqI17I VQtwcoc67y4oPNv++jKXF7qU/yRt+7CWbws+9X7YxVhb8QJiLMrGSaoppQG6E8cc1L0G nHxN9uu1BppSBp9vpDaN1gt5WX56FiWcX/mJc3Dbyn9NzeEQ6DHrm6WchYmWIlYEzWv2 /XPux7IPQM8GwUfJ3THGiMgDnVed4MGTW3jLNdIeaqE5jCNn93mqLjtDO7a+nZbmXOml UpTw== MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Received: by 10.224.124.71 with SMTP id t7mr17137290qar.56.1417272984742; Sat, 29 Nov 2014 06:56:24 -0800 (PST) Received: by 10.140.42.55 with HTTP; Sat, 29 Nov 2014 06:56:24 -0800 (PST) Date: Sat, 29 Nov 2014 12:56:24 -0200 Message-ID: Subject: Second all the authors of references about computers programming, is necessary develop currently in Assembly, Decimal code, Octal code, Hex code, Code that tweaks other code to do bad things which is another form of writing machine code, Binary code, Microcode? From: =?UTF-8?Q?fran=C3=A7ai_s?= To: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Content-Filtered-By: Mailman/MimeDel 2.1.18-1 X-BeenThere: freebsd-questions@freebsd.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.18-1 Precedence: list List-Id: User questions List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Sat, 29 Nov 2014 14:56:26 -0000 Second all the authors of references about computers programming, is necessary develop currently in: Assembly?; KERMIT?; Kermit is a file transfer program written entirely in assembler on many platforms for speed. Kermit is quite large and sophisticated, which was a barrier to entry back in the day before the internet and most communications protocols were standardized. To ease the transition, and taking advantage of the .COM format in DOS, kermit came with a bootstrap program that was made up entirely of printable characters so that one could easily type it in (well, not so easily, but it was possible since it was only maybe a hundred or two bytes long). The authors of this program had to learn which assembler op codes and addressing modes lead to printable characters and write their code accordingly. Not exactly programming directly in machine code, but very close. It was really quite an impressive bootstrap technique. Decimal code?; Octal code?; Hex code?; Code that tweaks other code to do bad things which is another form of writing machine code?; Binary code?; Microcode? Comparing the responses of all the authors of references about computers programming about all the levels of computers programming that I quoted above, exist different opinions?