Date: Tue, 19 May 2015 21:04:55 +1000 From: andrew clarke <mail@ozzmosis.com> To: Polytropon <freebsd@edvax.de> Cc: Ian Smith <smithi@nimnet.asn.au>, Trevor Roydhouse <trev@sentry.org>, gyliamos@gmail.com, freebsd-questions@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Strange return codes from old but good C program Message-ID: <20150519110455.GB88695@ozzmosis.com> In-Reply-To: <20150518135507.ada90d25.freebsd@edvax.de> References: <20150517204503.V69409@sola.nimnet.asn.au> <20150517124223.GA82704@ozzmosis.com> <5558A2D0.8080207@hiwaay.net> <20150517171713.09b01ec4.freebsd@edvax.de> <slrnmlhru5.190.varro@anukis.local> <20150518135507.ada90d25.freebsd@edvax.de>
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On Mon 2015-05-18 13:55:07 UTC+0200, Polytropon (freebsd@edvax.de) wrote:
> On Sun, 17 May 2015 19:45:09 +0000 (UTC), Will Parsons wrote:
> > I don't have the actual C standard, but Harbison & Steele's "C - A
> > Reference Manual" (which I think can be relied on) states "If the end
> > of the body of *main* is reached without returning, it is treated as
> > if *return 0;* were executed".
After a bit of Googling, my understanding is that this is true for C99
(and probably C++98) but the earlier C89 (ANSI X3.159-1989) standard
had no implicit return 0 for main().
See below for test results.
Ian may want to recompile with -std=3Dc99 for main() to implicitly
return 0. Or he could just add "return 0" at the end, probably. I
haven't really looked at the code.
$ rm -f *.o ssystem
$ make -f unixl.mak CC=3Dgcc CFLAGS=3D-std=3Dc99
> In that case, no random return codes should appear. It also
> doesn't meet the little test I've wrote (which again matches
> with the initially described problem).
>=20
> I have written (haha) the following "test case":
>=20
> % cat returntest.c
> main() {
> int i, j;
> for(i =3D 0, j =3D 0; i < 100; i++)
> j +=3D i;
> }
>=20
> There are two "error" in it: main() doesn't have a return
> type assigned, so per standard (int) will be assumed. And
> there is no return statement.
>=20
> Compiler is system's gcc (older system, obviously):
>
> % cc -Wall -o returntest returntest.c=20
> returntest.c:1: warning: return type defaults to 'int'
> returntest.c: In function 'main':
> returntest.c:5: warning: control reaches end of non-void function
>=20
> This is what we expect.
>=20
> But the program can be run, and we see:
>=20
> % ./returntest ; echo $?
> 99
Clang 3.4.1 on FreeBSD 10.1 amd64:
$ clang -Wall -o returntest returntest.c
returntest.c:1:1: warning: type specifier missing, defaults to 'int' [-Wi=
mplicit-int]
main()
^~~~
1 warning generated.
$ ./returntest ; echo $?
0
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
GNU C 4.8.4_3 on FreeBSD 10.1 amd64:
$ gcc48 -Wall -o returntest returntest.c
returntest.c:1:1: warning: return type defaults to 'int' [-Wreturn-type]
main()
^
returntest.c: In function 'main':
returntest.c:6:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wre=
turn-type]
}
^
$ ./returntest ; echo $?
99
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
GNU C 4.8.4_3 on FreeBSD 10.1 amd64 using -std=3Dc99:
$ gcc48 -std=3Dc99 -Wall -o returntest returntest.c
returntest.c:1:1: warning: return type defaults to 'int' [enabled by defa=
ult]
main()
^
$ ./returntest ; echo $?
0
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
GNU C 4.8.2 on Ubuntu 14.04 x86_64:
$ gcc -Wall -o returntest returntest.c
returntest.c:1:1: warning: return type defaults to =E2=80=98int=E2=80=99 =
[-Wreturn-type]
main()
^
returntest.c: In function =E2=80=98main=E2=80=99:
returntest.c:6:1: warning: control reaches end of non-void function [-Wre=
turn-type]
}
^
$ ./returntest ; echo $?
99
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
GNU C 4.8.2 on Ubuntu 14.04 x86_64 using -std=3Dc99:
$ gcc -std=3Dc99 -Wall -o returntest returntest.c
returntest.c:1:1: warning: return type defaults to =E2=80=98int=E2=80=99 =
[enabled by default]
main()
^
$ ./returntest ; echo $?
0
Regards
Andrew
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