Date: Fri, 21 Oct 2022 23:00:39 +0800 From: Zhenlei Huang <zlei.huang@gmail.com> To: Michael Tuexen <michael.tuexen@lurchi.franken.de> Cc: freebsd-net@freebsd.org Subject: Re: Too aggressive TCP ACKs Message-ID: <62A0DD30-B3ED-48BE-9C01-146487599092@gmail.com> In-Reply-To: <712641B3-5196-40CC-9B64-04637F16F649@lurchi.franken.de> References: <75D35F36-7759-4168-ADBA-C2414F5B53BC@gmail.com> <712641B3-5196-40CC-9B64-04637F16F649@lurchi.franken.de>
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--Apple-Mail=_27F089CE-1845-4F54-89D4-5B235EF3B8C7 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii > On Oct 21, 2022, at 10:34 PM, Michael Tuexen = <michael.tuexen@lurchi.franken.de = <mailto:michael.tuexen@lurchi.franken.de>> wrote: >=20 >> On 21. Oct 2022, at 16:19, Zhenlei Huang <zlei.huang@gmail.com = <mailto:zlei.huang@gmail.com>> wrote: >>=20 >> Hi, >>=20 >> While I was repeating = https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3D258755 = <https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3D258755>, I observed = a >> strange behavior. The TCP ACKs from FreeBSD host are too aggressive. >>=20 >> My setup is simple: >> A B >> [ MacOS ] <=3D=3D=3D=3D> [ FreeBSD VM ] >> 192.168.120.1 192.168.12.134 (disable tso and lro) >> While A <--- B, i.e. A as server and B as client, the packets rate = looks good. >>=20 >> One session on B: >>=20 >> root@:~ # iperf3 -c 192.168.120.1 -b 10m >> Connecting to host 192.168.120.1, port 5201 >> [ 5] local 192.168.120.134 port 54459 connected to 192.168.120.1 = port 5201 >> [ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate Retr Cwnd >> [ 5] 0.00-1.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 1.00-2.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 2.00-3.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 3.00-4.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 4.00-5.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 5.00-6.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 6.00-7.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 7.00-8.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 8.00-9.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> [ 5] 9.00-10.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes =20 >> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >> [ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate Retr >> [ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec 0 = sender >> [ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec = receiver >>=20 >> iperf Done. >>=20 >> Another session on B: >>=20 >> root@:~ # netstat -w 1 -I vmx0 >> input vmx0 output >> packets errs idrops bytes packets errs bytes colls >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 342 0 0 22600 526 0 775724 0 >> 150 0 0 9900 851 0 1281454 0 >> 109 0 0 7194 901 0 1357850 0 >> 126 0 0 8316 828 0 1246632 0 >> 122 0 0 8052 910 0 1370780 0 >> 109 0 0 7194 819 0 1233702 0 >> 120 0 0 7920 910 0 1370780 0 >> 110 0 0 7260 819 0 1233702 0 >> 123 0 0 8118 910 0 1370780 0 >> 109 0 0 7194 819 0 1233702 0 >> 73 0 0 5088 465 0 686342 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >>=20 >>=20 >>=20 >> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D >>=20 >>=20 >> While A ---> B, i.e. A as client and B as server, the ACKs sent from = B looks strange. >>=20 >> Session on A: >>=20 >> % iperf3 -c 192.168.120.134 -b 10m >> Connecting to host 192.168.120.134, port 5201 >> [ 5] local 192.168.120.1 port 52370 connected to 192.168.120.134 = port 5201 >> [ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate >> [ 5] 0.00-1.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 1.00-2.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 2.00-3.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 3.00-4.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 4.00-5.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 5.00-6.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 6.00-7.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 7.00-8.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 8.00-9.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 Mbits/sec =20= >> [ 5] 9.00-10.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec =20= >> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >> [ ID] Interval Transfer Bitrate >> [ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec = sender >> [ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec = receiver >>=20 >> iperf Done. >>=20 >> Session on B: >>=20 >> root@:~ # netstat -w 1 -I vmx0 >> input vmx0 output >> packets errs idrops bytes packets errs bytes colls >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 649 0 0 960562 330 0 21800 0 >> 819 0 0 1233702 415 0 27390 0 >> 910 0 0 1370780 459 0 30294 0 >> 819 0 0 1233702 415 0 27390 0 >> 910 0 0 1370780 459 0 30294 0 >> 910 0 0 1370780 460 0 30360 0 >> 819 0 0 1233702 414 0 27324 0 >> 910 0 0 1370780 460 0 30360 0 >> 819 0 0 1233702 414 0 27324 0 >> 910 0 0 1370780 460 0 30360 0 >> 285 0 0 412287 147 0 9981 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >>=20 >>=20 >> The ACK packets replied from B (the FreeBSD VM) are too aggressive. = They are >> about one half of TCP packets received from A. >>=20 >> I've tested with different bitrates, from 10m to 300m, all behave the = same. >> Tested with baremetal FreeBSD 13.1 Box as B (with intel em driver), = the=20 >> bitrates is 1g, also behaves the same. >>=20 >> Also tried different FreeBSD versions, 11.4, 12.3, stable/13 and = current/14 all=20 >> behave the same. >>=20 >>=20 >> My question is, is that the expected behavior of current default TCP = stack? > That is what I would expect. TCP (on FreeBSD) is acking every other = packet. This > is also what is specified. MacOS, at least newer versions, send less = ACKs. Thanks for fast response! My have old memories about SACK which helps TCP performance. This = behavior seems odd from my mind. But those memories date back to 2008, that is 14 = years ago. The current implementation of TCP stack in FreeBSD head is too complexed = for me. Can you please point me the RFCs specifying this? So I can start over = with a quick glue. Thanks! >=20 > Best regards > Michael >>=20 >>=20 >>=20 >> Best regards, >> Zhenlei --Apple-Mail=_27F089CE-1845-4F54-89D4-5B235EF3B8C7 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii <html><head><meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; = charset=3Dus-ascii"></head><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; = -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=3D""><div = class=3D""><div><br class=3D""></div></div><div><blockquote type=3D"cite" = class=3D""><div class=3D"">On Oct 21, 2022, at 10:34 PM, Michael Tuexen = <<a href=3D"mailto:michael.tuexen@lurchi.franken.de" = class=3D"">michael.tuexen@lurchi.franken.de</a>> wrote:</div><br = class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=3D""><blockquote = type=3D"cite" style=3D"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; = font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; = letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: = 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; = word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; = -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=3D"">On = 21. Oct 2022, at 16:19, Zhenlei Huang <<a = href=3D"mailto:zlei.huang@gmail.com" = class=3D"">zlei.huang@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br class=3D""><br = class=3D"">Hi,<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">While I was repeating <a = href=3D"https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3D258755" = class=3D"">https://bugs.freebsd.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3D258755</a>,= I observed a<br class=3D"">strange behavior. The TCP ACKs from FreeBSD = host are too aggressive.<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">My setup is = simple:<br class=3D""> A = &n= bsp; &nbs= p; B<br class=3D""> [ = MacOS ] <=3D=3D=3D=3D> [ FreeBSD VM ]<br = class=3D"">192.168.120.1 = 192.168.= 12.134 (disable tso and lro)<br class=3D"">While A <--- B, i.e. A as = server and B as client, the packets rate looks good.<br class=3D""><br = class=3D"">One session on B:<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">root@:~ # = iperf3 -c 192.168.120.1 -b 10m<br class=3D"">Connecting to host = 192.168.120.1, port 5201<br class=3D"">[ 5] local 192.168.120.134 = port 54459 connected to 192.168.120.1 port 5201<br class=3D"">[ ID] = Interval = Transfer = Bitrate = Retr Cwnd<br = class=3D"">[ 5] 0.00-1.00 sec 1.25 = MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec 0 257 = KBytes <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 1.00-2.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 2.00-3.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 3.00-4.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 4.00-5.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 5.00-6.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 6.00-7.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 7.00-8.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 8.00-9.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 9.00-10.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec = 0 257 KBytes = <br class=3D"">- - - - - - - - - - - = - - - - - - - - - - - - - -<br class=3D"">[ ID] Interval = Transfer = Bitrate = Retr<br class=3D"">[ = 5] 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 = Mbits/sec 0 = se= nder<br class=3D"">[ 5] 0.00-10.00 sec = 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; receiver<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">iperf = Done.<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">Another session on B:<br class=3D""><br= class=3D"">root@:~ # netstat -w 1 -I vmx0<br = class=3D""> &nb= sp;input = vmx0 = output<br = class=3D""> packets errs idrops = bytes packets errs = bytes colls<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 342 = 0 0 = 22600 = 526 0 = 775724 0<br = class=3D""> 150 = 0 0 = 9900 = 851 0 = 1281454 0<br = class=3D""> 109 = 0 0 = 7194 = 901 0 = 1357850 0<br = class=3D""> 126 = 0 0 = 8316 = 828 0 = 1246632 0<br = class=3D""> 122 = 0 0 = 8052 = 910 0 = 1370780 0<br = class=3D""> 109 = 0 0 = 7194 = 819 0 = 1233702 0<br = class=3D""> 120 = 0 0 = 7920 = 910 0 = 1370780 0<br = class=3D""> 110 = 0 0 = 7260 = 819 0 = 1233702 0<br = class=3D""> 123 = 0 0 = 8118 = 910 0 = 1370780 0<br = class=3D""> 109 = 0 0 = 7194 = 819 0 = 1233702 0<br = class=3D""> 73 = 0 0 = 5088 = 465 0 = 686342 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br class=3D""><br class=3D""><br class=3D""><br = class=3D"">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br class=3D""><br = class=3D""><br class=3D"">While A ---> B, i.e. A as client and B as = server, the ACKs sent from B looks strange.<br class=3D""><br = class=3D"">Session on A:<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">% iperf3 -c = 192.168.120.134 -b 10m<br class=3D"">Connecting to host 192.168.120.134, = port 5201<br class=3D"">[ 5] local 192.168.120.1 port 52370 = connected to 192.168.120.134 port 5201<br class=3D"">[ ID] Interval = Transfer = Bitrate<br class=3D"">[ 5] = 0.00-1.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 1.00-2.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 2.00-3.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 3.00-4.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 4.00-5.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 5.00-6.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 6.00-7.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 7.00-8.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 8.00-9.00 sec 1.12 MBytes 9.44 = Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">[ 5] = 9.00-10.00 sec 1.25 MBytes 10.5 Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; <br class=3D"">- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = - - - - - - - - - -<br class=3D"">[ ID] Interval = Transfer = Bitrate<br class=3D"">[ 5] = 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; sender<br class=3D"">[ 5] = 0.00-10.00 sec 12.0 MBytes 10.1 Mbits/sec = &n= bsp; receiver<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">iperf = Done.<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">Session on B:<br class=3D""><br = class=3D"">root@:~ # netstat -w 1 -I vmx0<br = class=3D""> &nb= sp;input = vmx0 = output<br = class=3D""> packets errs idrops = bytes packets errs = bytes colls<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 649 = 0 0 = 960562 = 330 0 = 21800 0<br = class=3D""> 819 = 0 0 = 1233702 415 = 0 27390 = 0<br = class=3D""> 910 = 0 0 = 1370780 459 = 0 30294 = 0<br = class=3D""> 819 = 0 0 = 1233702 415 = 0 27390 = 0<br = class=3D""> 910 = 0 0 = 1370780 459 = 0 30294 = 0<br = class=3D""> 910 = 0 0 = 1370780 460 = 0 30360 = 0<br = class=3D""> 819 = 0 0 = 1233702 414 = 0 27324 = 0<br = class=3D""> 910 = 0 0 = 1370780 460 = 0 30360 = 0<br = class=3D""> 819 = 0 0 = 1233702 414 = 0 27324 = 0<br = class=3D""> 910 = 0 0 = 1370780 460 = 0 30360 = 0<br = class=3D""> 285 = 0 0 = 412287 = 147 0 = 9981 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br = class=3D""> 0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0<br class=3D""><br class=3D""><br class=3D"">The = ACK packets replied from B (the FreeBSD VM) are too aggressive. They = are<br class=3D"">about one half of TCP packets received from A.<br = class=3D""><br class=3D"">I've tested with different bitrates, from 10m = to 300m, all behave the same.<br class=3D"">Tested with baremetal = FreeBSD 13.1 Box as B (with intel em driver), the<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=3D"">bitrates is = 1g, also behaves the same.<br class=3D""><br class=3D"">Also tried = different FreeBSD versions, 11.4, 12.3, stable/13 and current/14 = all<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span><br = class=3D"">behave the same.<br class=3D""><br class=3D""><br class=3D"">My= question is, is that the expected behavior of current default TCP = stack?<br class=3D""></blockquote><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, = 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" = class=3D"">That is what I would expect. TCP (on FreeBSD) is acking every = other packet. This</span><br style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none;" class=3D""><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, = 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" = class=3D"">is also what is specified. MacOS, at least newer versions, = send less ACKs.</span><br style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none;" class=3D""></div></blockquote><div>Thanks for = fast response!</div><br class=3D"">My have old memories about SACK which = helps TCP performance. This behavior</div><div>seems odd from my mind. = But those <span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, = 0, 0);" class=3D"">memories date back to 2008, that is 14 years = ago.</span></div><div><br class=3D""></div><div>The current = implementation of TCP stack in FreeBSD head is too complexed for = me.</div><div>Can you please point me the RFCs specifying this? So I can = start over with a quick glue.</div><div><br = class=3D""></div><div>Thanks!<br class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" = class=3D""><div class=3D""><br style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none;" class=3D""><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, = 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" = class=3D"">Best regards</span><br style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none;" class=3D""><span style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, = 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" = class=3D"">Michael</span><br style=3D"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); = font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: = normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none;" class=3D""><blockquote type=3D"cite" = style=3D"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; = font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; = orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: = none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; = -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; = text-decoration: none;" class=3D""><br class=3D""><br class=3D""><br = class=3D"">Best regards,<br = class=3D"">Zhenlei</blockquote></div></blockquote></div><br = class=3D""></body></html>= --Apple-Mail=_27F089CE-1845-4F54-89D4-5B235EF3B8C7--
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