Date: Sat, 8 Jan 2000 22:10:28 +0700 From: John Indra <m4v3r1ck@bigfoot.com> To: freebsd-questions@FreeBSD.ORG Subject: Re: Newbie has a lot of questions... Message-ID: <20000108221028.A16294@bigfoot.com> In-Reply-To: <200001081305.OAA23249@dorifer.heim3.tu-clausthal.de>; from olli@dorifer.heim3.tu-clausthal.de on Sat, Jan 08, 2000 at 02:05:57PM %2B0100 References: <8579j0$bnq$1@atlantis.rz.tu-clausthal.de> <200001081305.OAA23249@dorifer.heim3.tu-clausthal.de>
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 On Sat, Jan 08, 2000 at 02:05:57PM +0100, Oliver Fromme wrote: | I'm going to try to answer a few of your questions, but not | all. Maybe others can pick up the remaining topics. Thanks a lot... I think you have answer all my questions ;) I think I'm going to like this list a lot... And when I have gain enough knowledge and experience, I'll try to contribute to this list, answering newbies questions like what I'm asking right now and before ;) | Personally, I prefer "Chuck", and I don't like "Beastie" | at all (maybe that's because there's a band called | "Beastie Boys" whose music I don't like). :-) Ha3x... feeling's mutual... Don't even realize that there is a band called "Beastie Boys" =P OK then... Chuck's what I'll called the daemon ;) BTW "Beastie" sounds to "demonish" anyway... =) Talking about Chuck... Anyone know where to download Chuck images? I want to use them as my Enlightenment wallpaper ;) | No, there aren't, and I don't think that that concept is really | necessary (I think that, for example, Solari's runlevel system | is overly complicated). Hmmm... OK... Now I got the info... Anyway, to put it into thoughts; since the first time I used Linux, I haven't really jumped into another runlevel beside of runlevel 3, which I believe most Linux distros choose as the default multiuser mode "runlevel". Well... to confess a little lie, if rebooting (runlevel 6) and halting machine (runlevel 0) and single-user mode (runlevel 1) must be called runlevels... then: yes, I have jumped into another runlevel ;) | In FreeBSD (and BSD in general), there is single-user mode and | multi-user mode. No need for anythig else, IMO. OK... understood... | Roughly. :-) Thanks for giving a clearer description... | If you're interested in details, I'd suggest that you read the | init(8) manpage. Aah... yeah... the good old man page ;) | That's because Linux is not UNIX. :-) Hmmm... so I've heard ;) | Traditionally, csh is root's login shell. This is true for | every UNIX OS that I can think of, not only FreeBSD. Yupe... true... I've tried NetBSD once, and they have csh as the default root shell too. | The manpage can. :-) Ha3x... OK... I'll read it... later maybe ;) It's not that I have something against csh, it's just... like I've mentioned before, I'm a novice sysadmin. And my first UNIX resemblance OS was Linux, which by default use bash. That's why, I have been like "comparing" csh to bash... | It is recommended that you log in as normal user, then use the | ``su -m'' command to get a root shell. That shell will be your I've always done that... Hmm... since this issue have been brought up to conversation... Can anyone please "open" my eyes... Till now, I haven't understand, what's the security risk to login as root from the console. Let's put this to scenario: Default FreeBSD 3.4 install, with inetd configured to run ftp, telnet, and sendmail ONLY. finger, comsat, ntalk service turned off. Default stock /etc/hosts.allow... This machine is not protected by any security mechanism (no firewall, no IP filtering, no nothing, just a single box, having static IP, connected 24 hours a day to the 'net) Now... I login as root, directly to ttv0. What's so insecure about that? How can a cracker compromise my FreeBSD box? Please... like I've said... "open" my eyes... ;) | LKMs are old and obsolete. The directory exists solely for | compatibility. The new kernel modules are called KLDs. Now... I don't see that being mentioned on the handbook and FAQ... or am I missing an entry again? Thanks for clarifying... So... what harm will strike me if I rm -rf /lkm? | That's because the vmlinuz kernel is compressed. FreeBSD's Aaah... stupid me... As soon as I read this sentence, I remembered that make bzImage was in my step in compiling a Linux kernel ;) | kernel is not compressed by default. There is (or was) support | for compressing it, but it has disadvantages (e.g. kernel | symbols don't work anymore, so you can't debug it, and certain | tools don't work anymore), and there aren't really any | advantages. Hmmm... OK... But just a newbie thought... Why don't FreeBSD compress /kernel anyway, and have the bootstrap "uncompress" it when it try to load /kernel... Then it will be the same as not compressing /kernel right? | In general, you can omit everything from your kernel config | that you don't need (I don't think you need ``options LKM''). | If you've done that, you really shouldn't worry about the | resulting kernel size. 1.2 Mbyte is perfectly OK. Mine is | 1.8 Mbyte, and that's after removing everything I don't need. OK... Nice to know that my kernel is not too big ;) So... if I omit an options line... I will be missing an option or will it fall to the defaulted configuration? Take this as an example: options ATAPI_STATIC If I omit this entry from my kernel config file, what will my /kernel be? With ATAPI support compiled to /kernel (NOT as KLDs) automatically? Or... it will be build as KLDs anyway? Now... how or from where do I take a look at this "default" values? | system code, the FPU emulators, the Linux emulator, etc. See | the contents of /modules for all KLDs that are available. Now... how do I make the /modules/*.ko? Or I don't even have to bother to make them as FreeBSD developers have kindly supplied those KLDs for me? ;) He3x... I'm sounding like I'm comparing FreeBSD to much to Linux ain't I? ;) Cause from what I understand, in Linux, you got to build your own modules... Sorry... cause FreeBSD is still brand new to me and I have to adapt... | If you have a complete source tree of the system installed | under /usr/src, you can use a mechanism called "make world" | to update, recompile and re-install the complete operating | system. Whooaaa... cool!!! I can do that in FreeBSD??? When I spotted the phrase "make world" my first impression was when I make install as the final step in compiling kernel, that's the process of "making world". Ha3x boy... am I damn wrong ;) But I was over exhausted and really need a lot of sleep then ;) | See chapter 18.4. ``Using make world to rebuild your system'' | of the FreeBSD Handbook for much more details. Hmmm... no wonder... Just got to chapter 7 of the Handbook ;) | Use kldstat. OK... I think this info got to be inserted to the Handbook... I was reading the handbook supplied with the 3.4-RELEASE ISO image. This is for version 3.3. Pardon me if this information has have it slot on the newer version of FreeBSD's Handbook... | If your machine is already running in multi-user mode, you can | use the ``shutdown now'' command to go to single-user mode. | If you do that, however, all filesystems are still mounted. Aah... so... now I realized that I have entered single user mode numerous times ;) | Do you use ``shutdown -p''? That's supposed to power-off your | machine after it has been shut down properly. If that doesn't | work: Are you sure APM is enabled in your BIOS setup? Hmmm... the Linux term has caught me again ;) I must, starting from now, re-read all FreeBSD's manpage ;) Cause in Linux, to achieve a power shutdown, all I need to issue was halt... | BTW, your English is very good, as far as I can tell (I'm not | a native English speaker either). :-) Thanks... Thanks a lot Oliver... and of course others who have helped... =) | Oliver Regards, John Indra -- ICQ UIN #26095019 -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: GnuPG v1.0.0 (FreeBSD) Comment: Be the best! iD8DBQE4d1Nkxcp0HIxafmQRAhGKAKCI5wdjkOXWU+JZs7LvWJDb5FBrowCgz/Ww e7I9KZtsgOltr4ReaXwYeHM= =h4Dr -----END PGP SIGNATURE----- To Unsubscribe: send mail to majordomo@FreeBSD.org with "unsubscribe freebsd-questions" in the body of the message
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