Date: Sat, 15 Oct 2022 13:27:33 +0800 From: Archimedes Gaviola <archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com> To: Ronald Klop <ronald-lists@klop.ws> Cc: freebsd-fs@freebsd.org Subject: Re: UFS in a USB flash drive (ufs:/dev/da0s1a) Message-ID: <CAJFbk7HwYrJYq2ObV250hcri8z90wCE_thFCH7qK1tO5xF4M=w@mail.gmail.com> In-Reply-To: <cc8e2ae3-74d9-3fbe-11e0-ddd5bb828073@klop.ws> References: <CAJFbk7G%2BULUbhOpjFiZZ_szEFzdTkw=FLdzHrrwFnZ7sz3u1oA@mail.gmail.com> <1630032913.129053.1665400270350@localhost> <CAJFbk7FTuV3eikhQaRAp8OgRmK7JpSWRxZ9DiBgMiQMwY2Nx_g@mail.gmail.com> <896114746.217581.1665409172569@localhost> <CAJFbk7HnHuXveNWqCBNXmuJC1TLQ6vX-Ovun0i4Wp%2BNDirWPXw@mail.gmail.com> <cc8e2ae3-74d9-3fbe-11e0-ddd5bb828073@klop.ws>
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--00000000000032d0fe05eb0c00cd Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" On Tue, Oct 11, 2022 at 3:00 AM Ronald Klop <ronald-lists@klop.ws> wrote: > On 10/10/22 18:15, Archimedes Gaviola wrote: > > > > > > On Mon, Oct 10, 2022 at 9:39 PM Ronald Klop <ronald-lists@klop.ws > <mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws>> wrote: > > > > *Van:* Archimedes Gaviola <archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com <mailto: > archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com>> > > *Datum:* maandag, 10 oktober 2022 14:09 > > *Aan:* Ronald Klop <ronald-lists@klop.ws <mailto: > ronald-lists@klop.ws>> > > *CC:* freebsd-fs@freebsd.org <mailto:freebsd-fs@freebsd.org> > > *Onderwerp:* Re: UFS in a USB flash drive (ufs:/dev/da0s1a) > > > > On Mon, Oct 10, 2022 at 7:11 PM Ronald Klop < > ronald-lists@klop.ws <mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws>> wrote: > > > > *Van:* Archimedes Gaviola <archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com > <mailto:archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com>> > > *Datum:* maandag, 10 oktober 2022 12:40 > > *Aan:* freebsd-fs@freebsd.org <mailto:freebsd-fs@freebsd.org > > > > *Onderwerp:* UFS in a USB flash drive (ufs:/dev/da0s1a) > > > > Hi, > > I have a scenario (see below) after which the FreeBSD > kernel boots-up in my embedded system, it is looking for the root > filesystem. Now, I want to build one from scratch based on the examples > below using a UFS filesystem in a USB flash drive -> ufs:/dev/da0s1a. Are > there any available step-by-step reference(s) that can help and guide me in > the building process? > > ... > > Trying to mount root from cd9660:/dev/map/rootfs.uzip > []... > > mountroot: waiting for device /dev/map/rootfs.uzip... > > Mounting from cd9660:/dev/map/rootfs.uzip failed with > error 19. > > > > Loader variables: > > > > Manual root filesystem specification: > > <fstype>:<device> [options] > > Mount <device> using filesystem <fstype> > > and with the specified (optional) option list. > > > > eg. ufs:/dev/da0s1a > > zfs:tank > > cd9660:/dev/cd0 ro > > (which is equivalent to: mount -t cd9660 -o > ro /dev/cd0 /) > > > > ? List valid disk boot devices > > . Yield 1 second (for background tasks) > > <empty line> Abort manual input > > > > mountroot> > > ... > > Thanks and best regards, > > Archimedes > > > > > > > > Hi, > > > > From your mail I don't really understand what your level of > skills with FreeBSD is. I assume the scenario with cd9660 and error 19 is > not your biggest concern. You just want to install on a USB flash drive. > > > > Does this help: > https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/ < > https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/>; ? > > > > Regards, > > Ronald. > > > > Hi Ronald, > > No, it's not about installing FreeBSD from scratch using a USB > flash drive as I already flashed and installed the FreeBSD kernel in the > SPI flash RAM using trivial FTP in the U-boot loader. What I want is > mounting the root filesystem that's been created in the USB flash drive > (this hardware has USB port) using the ufs:/dev/da0s1a method but before > that happens, I need to create that root filesystem (/) from scratch in the > USB flash drive so that it can be mounted right after the kernel is loaded. > > Not sure what level I am as a FreeBSD user but I can install and > setup FreeBSD system, networking, install packages and re-build or compile > a kernel. > > Thanks and best regards, > > Archimedes > > > > > > > > Hi, > > > > To create the root filesystem on USB you can use several methods. 2 > of them are like this: > > * the "bsdinstall" tool > > * or > > - fetch > https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/arm64/13.1-STABLE/base.txz < > https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/arm64/13.1-STABLE/base.txz>; > (change the URL if you need a different architecture or FreeBSD version) > > - newfs /dev/da0s1a (NB: this device name might be different > depending on the devices already available in your system) > > - mount /dev/da0s1a /mnt > > - tar xf -C /mnt <path-to>/base.txz > > - umount /mnt > > > > This is from the top of my head, so I might have forgotten something. > > > > Than plugin the USB on your embedded system and at the prompt type: > > mountroot> ufs:/dev/da0s1a > > > > If it does not work type a "?" question mark to see what filesystems > are available. > > > > If you want to persist the FS used as root filesystem it depends on > the system you are running. > > You can hardcode the root FS in the kernel you saved in the SPI RAM. > But depending on the system it is also possible to pass the rootfs in a > variable in loader.conf or some other place from which the kernel can read > variables. > > > > What kind of system are you running? > > > > Hope this helps. > > > > Regards, > > Ronald. > > > > > > Hi Ronald, > > > > Thanks for sharing the information, really appreciate it! I will try the > newfs (newfs /dev/da0s1a) with my USB drive and then afterwards mount it to > the host system. I can't fetch the base system since I'm cross-compiling a > 32-bit MIPS (mipsel) system in an older FreeBSD 11.4 x86_64 release. I just > downloaded the kernel source (/usrc/src). What I have at the moment is a > successful cross-build of a system using the build command below; > > > > cd /usr/src; make KERNCONF=RT305X TARGET=mips TARGET_ARCH=mipsel > kernel-toolchain buildkernel buildworld installkernel installworld > distribution DESTDIR=/tmp/rt3050 > > > > that instead of using the DESTDIR= /tmp/rt3050, I will try replacing it > with a mounted /dev/da0s1a. And then let me also try building without the > kernel. > Hi Ronald, Ah, yes, with DESTDIR you will have same effect. > Before you can newfs the USB drive you need to partition it using gpart. > Some example usages can be found here: > https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?gpart(8)#EXAMPLES > For flash drives it is often a good idea to align on 1M by adding '-a 1M' > to gpart. > And GPT is often more simple to use than MBR. As you use the kernel to > load the USB drive I'm pretty sure GPT is supported. > Thanks for providing further valuable information! These are the missing pieces of the root filesystem that I want. Maybe I missed something on GPT with gpart as it doesn't work but with MBR it did. With GPT, root@:~ # /sbin/gpart destroy -F da0 da0 destroyed root@:~ # gpart create -s GPT da0 da0 created root@:~ # /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 1M -s 8G da0 da0p1 added root@:~ # /sbin/newfs /dev/da0p1 /dev/da0p1: 7168.0MB (14680064 sectors) block size 32768, fragment size 4096 using 12 cylinder groups of 626.09MB, 20035 blks, 80256 inodes. super-block backups (for fsck_ffs -b #) at: 192, 1282432, 2564672, 3846912, 5129152, 6411392, 7693632, 8975872, 10258112, 11540352, 12822592, 14104832 root@:~ # gpart show ... => 40 15523760 da0 GPT (7.4G) 40 2008 - free - (1.0M) 2048 14680064 1 freebsd-ufs (7.0G) 14682112 841688 - free - (411M) Upon kernel boot-up, only da0 is present in the list. ... mountroot> ? List of GEOM managed disk devices: da0 flash/spi0 mountroot> ufs:/dev/da0p1 Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/da0p1 []... mountroot: waiting for device /dev/da0p1... Mounting from ufs:/dev/da0p1 failed with error 19. ... With MBR, root@:~ # /sbin/gpart create -s MBR da0 da0 created root@:~ # /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd -s 14G da0 da0s1 added root@:~ # /sbin/gpart set -a active -i 1 da0 active set on da0s1 root@:~ # /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot0 da0 bootcode written to da0 root@:~ # /sbin/gpart create -s BSD -n 20 da0s1 da0s1 created root@:~ # /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -s 8G da0s1 da0s1a added root@:~ # /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot da0s1 bootcode written to da0s1 root@:~ # root@:~ # gpart show ... => 63 30031809 da0 MBR (14G) 63 29360128 1 freebsd [active] (14G) 29360191 671681 - free - (328M) => 0 29360128 da0s1 BSD (14G) 0 16777216 1 freebsd-ufs (8.0G) 16777216 12582912 - free - (6.0G) root@:~ # /sbin/newfs /dev/da0s1a /dev/da0s1a: 8192.0MB (16777216 sectors) block size 32768, fragment size 4096 using 14 cylinder groups of 626.09MB, 20035 blks, 80256 inodes. super-block backups (for fsck_ffs -b #) at: 192, 1282432, 2564672, 3846912, 5129152, 6411392, 7693632, 8975872, 10258112, 11540352, 12822592, 14104832, 15387072, 16669312 and upon kernel boot-up, da0s1a slice is detected, that's why it's mountable. ... mountroot> ? List of GEOM managed disk devices: da0s1a da0s1 da0 flash/spi0 mountroot> ufs:/dev/da0s1a Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/da0s1a []... mountroot: unable to remount devfs under /dev (error 2) mountroot: unable to unlink /dev/dev (error 2) Warning: no time-of-day clock registered, system time will not be set accurately start_init: trying /sbin/init ... > > I had a system on 11.2 which used this option in the kernel config file. > > options ROOTDEVNAME=\"ufs:/dev/da0s1a\" > > Thanks to this kernel config option I added it as it's very useful, once called during kernel boot-up it automatically mounts the root filesystem in the USB flash drive. It's like a binder between the kernel and the root filesystem. > > > Happy hacking. > Let us know if it all works out. > Yes, thanks a lot! I've made it. Here's the flow of the booting process from U-Boot loader up to login. I never touch anything yet on adding the /etc/fstab. U-Boot 1.1.3 Rev 0.3 by WErt(WErt) 4PDA (May 19 2016 - 14:41:04) Board: Ralink APSoC DRAM: 32 MB ****************************** Software System Reset Occurred ****************************** Ralink SPI flash driver, SPI clock: 15MHz spi device id: c2 20 16 c2 20 (2016c220) find flash: MX25L3205D .. ============================================ Ralink U-Boot Version: 5.0.0.5 -------------------------------------------- ASIC 5350_MP (Port5<->None) DRAM_CONF_FROM: Boot-Strapping DRAM_TYPE: SDRAM DRAM_SIZE: 256 Mbits DRAM_WIDTH: 16 bits DRAM_TOTAL_WIDTH: 16 bits TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE: 32 MBytes Flash component: SPI Flash Date:May 19 2016 Time:14:41:04 ============================================ icache: sets:256, ways:4, linesz:32, total:32768 dcache: sets:128, ways:4, linesz:32, total:16384 #### The CPU freq = 360 MHZ #### estimate memory size = 32 Mbytes Please choose the operation: 0: Load system code then write to Flash via Serial. 1: Load system code to SDRAM via TFTP. 2: Load system code then write to Flash via TFTP. 3: Boot system code via Flash (default). 4: Enter boot command line interface. 5: Load system code then write to Flash via USB Storage. 6: Load U-Boot code then write to Flash via USB Storage. 7: Load U-Boot code then write to Flash via Serial. 8: Load U-Boot code to SDRAM via TFTP. 9: Load U-Boot code then write to Flash via TFTP. 0 . 3: System Boot system code via Flash. ## Checking image at bc050000 ... . Image Name: FreeBSD Kernel UC Image8 Image Type: MIPS Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed) Data Size: 3675932 Bytes = 3.5 MB Load Address: 80001100 Entry Point: 80001100 ......................................................... Verifying Checksum ... OK OK No initrd ## Transferring control to Linux (at address 80001100) ... ## Giving linux memsize in MB, 32 Starting kernel ... U-Boot args (from 0 args): None Environment: memsize=32 initrd_start=0x00000000 initrd_size=0x0 flash_start=0x00000000 flash_size=0x400000 entry: mips_init() Cache info: picache_stride = 4096 picache_loopcount = 8 pdcache_stride = 4096 pdcache_loopcount = 4 cpu0: MIPS Technologies processor v76.150 MMU: Standard TLB, 32 entries (4K 16K 64K 256K 1M 16M 64M 256M pg sizes) L1 i-cache: 4 ways of 256 sets, 32 bytes per line L1 d-cache: 4 ways of 128 sets, 32 bytes per line L2 cache: disabled Config1=0xbea3319e<PerfCount,WatchRegs,MIPS16,EJTAG> Config2=0x80000000 Config3=0x420 Physical memory chunk(s): 0x3b3000 - 0x1ffffff, 29675520 bytes (7245 pages) Maxmem is 0x2000000 Copyright (c) 1992-2020 The FreeBSD Project. Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation. FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE #20: Fri Oct 14 15:25:17 UTC 2022 root@:/usr/obj/mips.mipsel/usr/src/sys/RT5350_USB mips gcc version 4.2.1 20070831 patched [FreeBSD] Preloaded elf kernel "kernel" at 0x803acf50. real memory = 33554432 (32768K bytes) Physical memory chunk(s): 0x0043f000 - 0x01f44fff, 28336128 bytes (6918 pages) avail memory = 27901952 (26MB) ULE: setup cpu 0 random: entropy device external interface null: <full device, null device, zero device> mem: <memory> nexus0: <MIPS32 root nexus> random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from nexus0 clock0: <Generic MIPS32 ticker> on nexus0 Timecounter "MIPS32" frequency 180000000 Hz quality 800 Event timer "MIPS32" frequency 180000000 Hz quality 800 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from clock0 obio0 at mem 0x10000000-0x1fffffff on nexus0 rt305x_sysctl0: <RT305X System Control driver> at mem 0x10000000-0x100000ff irq 0 on obio0 Chip ID: "RT5350 " SYSCTL_SYSCFG=0x103000 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from rt305x_sysctl0 rt305x_ic0: <RT305X Interrupt Controller driver> at mem 0x10000200-0x100002ff on obio0 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from rt305x_ic0 uart0: <rt305x_uart> at mem 0x10000500-0x100005ff irq 5 on obio0 uart0: fast interrupt uart0: PPS capture mode: DCDinvalid random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from uart0 spi0: <RT305X SPI> at mem 0x10000b00-0x10000bff on obio0 spibus0: <SPI bus> on spi0 mx25l0: <M25Pxx Flash Family> at cs 0 mode 0 on spibus0 mx25l0: device type mx25ll32, size 4096K in 64 sectors of 64K, erase size 64K random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from mx25l0 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from spibus0 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from spi0 uart1: <rt305x_uart> at mem 0x10000c00-0x10000cff irq 12 on obio0 uart1: console (115200,n,8,1) uart1: fast interrupt uart1: PPS capture mode: DCDinvalid random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from uart1 ehci0: <Ralink integrated USB 2.0 controller> at mem 0x101c0000-0x101c0fff irq 18 on obio0 usbus0: EHCI version 1.0 usbus0 on ehci0 ehci0: usbpf: Attached random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from usbus0 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from ehci0 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from obio0 rt0: <Ralink RT5350 onChip Ethernet driver> at mem 0x10100000-0x1010ffff irq 3 on nexus0 rt0: RT5350 Ethernet MAC (rev 0x00000000) rt0: use hardcoded 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 macaddr rt0: Ethernet address: 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from rt0 Device configuration finished. Timecounters tick every 10.000 msec tcp_init: net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize auto tuned to 512 GEOM: new disk flash/spi0 usbus0: 480Mbps High Speed USB v2.0 Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/da0s1a []... Root mount waiting for: usbus0 ugen0.1: <Ralink EHCI root HUB> at usbus0 uhub0: <Ralink EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0 uhub0: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from uhub0 Root mount waiting for: usbus0 Root mount waiting for: usbus0 ugen0.2: <SanDisk Ultra Fit> at usbus0 umass0 on uhub0 umass0: <SanDisk Ultra Fit, class 0/0, rev 2.10/1.00, addr 2> on usbus0 umass0:0:0: Attached to scbus0 random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from umass0 mountroot: waiting for device /dev/da0s1a... pass0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0 pass0: <SanDisk Ultra Fit 1.00> Removable Direct Access SPC-4 SCSI device pass0: Serial Number 4C530000070424102200 pass0: 40.000MB/s transfers GEOM: new disk da0 da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0 da0: <SanDisk Ultra Fit 1.00> Removable Direct Access SPC-4 SCSI device da0: Serial Number 4C530000070424102200 da0: 40.000MB/s transfers da0: 14664MB (30031872 512 byte sectors) da0: quirks=0x2<NO_6_BYTE> da0: Delete methods: <NONE(*),ZERO> Warning: no time-of-day clock registered, system time will not be set accurately start_init: trying /sbin/init Setting hostuuid: 4e22d8d6-4bce-11ed-b0aa-0018e7d58390. Setting hostid: 0x351daf11. eval: cannot open /etc/fstab: No such file or directory fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory Warning! No /etc/fstab: skipping disk checks. fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory Mounting local filesystems:fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory . ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat random: unblocking device. /etc/rc: WARNING: $hostname is not set -- see rc.conf(5). Setting up harvesting: [UMA],[FS_ATIME],SWI,INTERRUPT,NET_NG,NET_ETHER,NET_TUN,MOUSE,KEYBOARD,ATTACH,CACHED Feeding entropy: . lo0: link state changed to UP Starting Network: lo0. lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384 options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6> inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 groups: lo Starting devd. add host 127.0.0.1: gateway lo0 fib 0: route already in table fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory Creating and/or trimming log files. Starting syslogd. Clearing /tmp (X related). Updating motd:. Mounting late filesystems:fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory . fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory Starting sendmail_submit. Starting sendmail_msp_queue. Starting cron. eval: cannot open /etc/fstab: No such file or directory Starting background file system checks in 60 seconds. Fri Oct 14 20:17 FreeBSD/mips (Amnesiac) (ttyu1) login: root Last login: Fri Oct 14 16:15:17 on ttyu1 Oct 14 20:49:08 login: ROOT LOGIN (root) ON ttyu1 FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE (RT5350_USB) #20: Fri Oct 14 15:25:17 UTC 2022 Welcome to FreeBSD! Release Notes, Errata: https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/ Security Advisories: https://www.FreeBSD.org/security/ FreeBSD Handbook: https://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/ FreeBSD FAQ: https://www.FreeBSD.org/faq/ Questions List: https://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-questions/ FreeBSD Forums: https://forums.FreeBSD.org/ Documents installed with the system are in the /usr/local/share/doc/freebsd/ directory, or can be installed later with: pkg install en-freebsd-doc For other languages, replace "en" with a language code like de or fr. Show the version of FreeBSD installed: freebsd-version ; uname -a Please include that output and any error messages when posting questions. Introduction to manual pages: man man FreeBSD directory layout: man hier Edit /etc/motd to change this login announcement. root@:~ # root@:~ # uname -a FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE #20: Fri Oct 14 15:25:17 UTC 2022 root@:/usr/obj/mips.mipsel/usr/src/sys/RT5350_USB mips I tried adding an IP address to the rt0 network interface including default and it works as well. root@:~ # ifconfig rt0: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU> ether 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 hwaddr 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 media: Ethernet 100baseTX <full-duplex> status: active lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384 options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6> inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 groups: lo root@:~ # root@:~ # ifconfig rt0 inet 192.168.1.215 netmask 255.255.255.0 root@:~ # ifconfig rt0 rt0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU> ether 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 hwaddr 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 inet 192.168.1.215 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 media: Ethernet 100baseTX <full-duplex> status: active root@:~ # root@:~ # route add -inet default 192.168.1.1 add net default: gateway 192.168.1.1 root@:~ # netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Netif Expire default 192.168.1.1 UGS rt0 127.0.0.1 link#2 UH lo0 192.168.1.0/24 link#1 U rt0 192.168.1.215 link#1 UHS lo0 root@:~ # root@:~ # traceroute 216.58.200.238 <--------- google.com IP traceroute to 216.58.200.238 (216.58.200.238), 64 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 smartbrosettings.net (192.168.1.1) 1.727 ms 0.888 ms 0.786 ms 2 * * * 3 * * * 4 * * * 5 * * * 6 27.110.255.33 (27.110.255.33) 35.536 ms 26.458 ms 15.635 ms 7 210.213.130.15.static.pldt.net (210.213.130.15) 17.515 ms 210.213.130.13.static.pldt.net (210.213.130.13) 18.300 ms 210.213.130.15.static.pldt.net (210.213.130.15) 18.509 ms 8 210.213.130.7.static.pldt.net (210.213.130.7) 57.830 ms 60.194 ms 210.213.130.97.static.pldt.net (210.213.130.97) 51.395 ms 9 74.125.118.24 (74.125.118.24) 71.609 ms 72.14.195.168 (72.14.195.168) 60.027 ms 44.248 ms 10 * * * 11 66.249.94.222 (66.249.94.222) 61.563 ms 142.251.245.20 (142.251.245.20) 61.087 ms 65.270 ms 12 108.170.241.112 (108.170.241.112) 58.601 ms 42.972 ms 108.170.241.80 (108.170.241.80) 77.755 ms 13 209.85.250.133 (209.85.250.133) 63.080 ms hkg07s47-in-f14.1e100.net (216.58.200.238) 73.084 ms 86.918 ms root@:~ # root@:~ # ping -c 5 216.58.200.238 PING 216.58.200.238 (216.58.200.238): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 216.58.200.238: icmp_seq=0 ttl=55 time=60.700 ms 64 bytes from 216.58.200.238: icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=62.175 ms 64 bytes from 216.58.200.238: icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=58.768 ms 64 bytes from 216.58.200.238: icmp_seq=3 ttl=55 time=57.592 ms 64 bytes from 216.58.200.238: icmp_seq=4 ttl=55 time=61.002 ms --- 216.58.200.238 ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0.0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 57.592/60.047/62.175/1.645 ms root@:~ # Checking the default running processes. root@:~ # top -S last pid: 641; load averages: 0.31, 0.33, 0.37 up 0+00:39:46 20:55:54 27 processes: 2 running, 24 sleeping, 1 waiting CPU: 0.4% user, 0.0% nice, 0.9% system, 0.0% interrupt, 98.7% idle Mem: 10M Active, 7120K Inact, 8948K Wired, 3100K Buf, 1088K Free Swap: PID USERNAME THR PRI NICE SIZE RES STATE TIME WCPU COMMAND 10 root 1 155 ki31 0K 8K RUN 38:00 98.89% idle 641 root 1 20 0 7912K 2624K RUN 0:00 0.82% top 11 root 9 -52 - 0K 72K WAIT 0:03 0.22% intr 4 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K - 0:01 0.03% rand_harvestq 0 root 7 -16 - 0K 56K swapin 0:00 0.03% kernel 9 root 3 -16 - 0K 24K psleep 0:00 0.00% pagedaemon 18 root 1 16 - 0K 8K syncer 0:00 0.00% syncer 15 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K - 0:00 0.00% bufspacedaemon 16 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K psleep 0:00 0.00% bufdaemon 17 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K vlruwt 0:00 0.00% vnlru 13 root 5 -68 - 0K 40K - 0:01 0.00% usb 615 root 1 20 0 7288K 2624K pause 0:01 0.00% csh 535 root 1 20 0 9756K 3020K select 0:00 0.00% sendmail 12 root 3 -8 - 0K 24K - 0:00 0.00% geom 2 root 2 -16 - 0K 16K - 0:00 0.00% cam 585 root 1 21 0 6896K 1676K wait 0:00 0.00% login 336 root 1 20 0 6268K 1220K select 0:00 0.00% syslogd 542 root 1 37 0 6304K 1152K nanslp 0:00 0.00% cron 1 root 1 22 0 5504K 492K wait 0:00 0.00% init 538 smmsp 1 20 0 9756K 1668K pause 0:00 0.00% sendmail 278 root 1 20 0 7084K 460K select 0:00 0.00% devd 5 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K - 0:00 0.00% soaiod1 8 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K - 0:00 0.00% soaiod4 6 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K - 0:00 0.00% soaiod2 7 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K - 0:00 0.00% soaiod3 14 root 1 155 ki31 0K 8K pgzero 0:00 0.00% pagezero 3 root 1 -16 - 0K 8K mx25jq 0:00 0.00% task: mx25l flash This device is the M1 router (a.k.a. 11V-5A or A5-V11) with Ralink RT5350F SoC 360Mhz CPU with built-in USB port, Wi-Fi and an Ethernet LAN card. It has a default Linux 2.6 OS with busybox accessible via telnet. It has been described here from OpenWRT https://openwrt.org/toh/unbranded/a5-v11. It's as little as a cigarette lighter having 6cm. x 2cm. board dimension. Again, thanks a lot Ronald! Best regards, Archimedes --00000000000032d0fe05eb0c00cd Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><br></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">= <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Tue, Oct 11, 2022 at 3:00 AM Ronal= d Klop <<a href=3D"mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws">ronald-lists@klop.ws</a>= > wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px = 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">On 1= 0/10/22 18:15, Archimedes Gaviola wrote:<br> > <br> > <br> > On Mon, Oct 10, 2022 at 9:39 PM Ronald Klop <<a href=3D"mailto:rona= ld-lists@klop.ws" target=3D"_blank">ronald-lists@klop.ws</a> <mailto:<a = href=3D"mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws" target=3D"_blank">ronald-lists@klop.ws= </a>>> wrote:<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Van:* Archimedes Gaviola <<a href=3D"mailto:arc= himedes.gaviola@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com</= a> <mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com" target=3D"_bl= ank">archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com</a>>><br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Datum:* maandag, 10 oktober 2022 14:09<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Aan:* Ronald Klop <<a href=3D"mailto:ronald-lis= ts@klop.ws" target=3D"_blank">ronald-lists@klop.ws</a> <mailto:<a href= =3D"mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws" target=3D"_blank">ronald-lists@klop.ws</a>= >><br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*CC:* <a href=3D"mailto:freebsd-fs@freebsd.org" tar= get=3D"_blank">freebsd-fs@freebsd.org</a> <mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:free= bsd-fs@freebsd.org" target=3D"_blank">freebsd-fs@freebsd.org</a>><br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Onderwerp:* Re: UFS in a USB flash drive (ufs:/dev= /da0s1a)<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0On Mon, Oct 10, 2022 at 7:11 PM Ronal= d Klop <<a href=3D"mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws" target=3D"_blank">ronald= -lists@klop.ws</a> <mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:ronald-lists@klop.ws" targe= t=3D"_blank">ronald-lists@klop.ws</a>>> wrote:<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Van:* Archimedes Gavio= la <<a href=3D"mailto:archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">ar= chimedes.gaviola@gmail.com</a> <mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:archimedes.gavi= ola@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">archimedes.gaviola@gmail.com</a>>><b= r> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Datum:* maandag, 10 ok= tober 2022 12:40<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Aan:* <a href=3D"mailt= o:freebsd-fs@freebsd.org" target=3D"_blank">freebsd-fs@freebsd.org</a> <= mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:freebsd-fs@freebsd.org" target=3D"_blank">freebsd-= fs@freebsd.org</a>><br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0*Onderwerp:* UFS in a U= SB flash drive (ufs:/dev/da0s1a)<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Hi,<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0I have a = scenario (see below) after which the FreeBSD kernel boots-up in my embedded= system, it is looking for the root filesystem. Now, I want to build one fr= om scratch based on the examples below using a UFS filesystem in a USB flas= h drive -> ufs:/dev/da0s1a. Are there any available step-by-step referen= ce(s) that can help and guide me in the building process?<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0...<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Trying to= mount root from cd9660:/dev/map/rootfs.uzip []...<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0mountroot= : waiting for device /dev/map/rootfs.uzip...<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Mounting = from cd9660:/dev/map/rootfs.uzip failed with error 19.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Loader va= riables:<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Manual ro= ot filesystem specification:<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 &= lt;fstype>:<device> [options]<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Mount <device> using filesystem <fstype><br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 and with the specified (optional) option list.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 eg. ufs:/dev/da0s1a<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 zfs:tank<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 cd9660:/dev/cd0 ro<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 (which is equivalent to: mount -t cd9660 -o ro = /dev/cd0 /)<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 ?= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 List valid disk boot devi= ces<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 .= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Yield 1 second (for backg= round tasks)<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 &= lt;empty line> =C2=A0 =C2=A0Abort manual input<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0mountroot= ><br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0...<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Thanks an= d best regards,<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Archimede= s<br> > <br> > <br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Hi,<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 From your mail I don&#= 39;t really understand what your level of skills with FreeBSD is. I assume = the scenario with cd9660 and error 19 is not your biggest concern. You just= want to install on a USB flash drive.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Does this help: <a href= =3D"https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/" rel=3D"noreferr= er" target=3D"_blank">https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall= /</a> <<a href=3D"https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/bsdinstall/= " rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/ha= ndbook/bsdinstall/</a>> ?<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Regards,<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Ronald.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Hi Ronald,<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0No, it's not about installing Fre= eBSD from scratch using a USB flash drive as I already flashed and installe= d the FreeBSD kernel in the SPI flash RAM using trivial FTP in the U-boot l= oader. What I want is mounting the root filesystem that's been created = in the USB flash drive (this hardware has USB port) using the ufs:/dev/da0s= 1a method but before that happens, I need to create that root filesystem (/= ) from scratch in the USB flash drive so that it can be mounted right after= the kernel is loaded.<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Not sure what level I am as a FreeBSD= user but I can install and setup FreeBSD system, networking, install packa= ges and re-build or compile a kernel.<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Thanks and best regards,<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Archimedes<br> > <br> > <br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Hi,<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0To create the root filesystem on USB you can use se= veral methods. 2 of them are like this:<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0* the "bsdinstall" tool<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0* or<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 - fetch <a href=3D"https://down= load.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/arm64/13.1-STABLE/base.txz" rel=3D"noreferre= r" target=3D"_blank">https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/arm64/13.1-= STABLE/base.txz</a> <<a href=3D"https://download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapsho= ts/arm64/13.1-STABLE/base.txz" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https:/= /download.freebsd.org/ftp/snapshots/arm64/13.1-STABLE/base.txz</a>> (cha= nge the URL if you need a different architecture or FreeBSD version)<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 - newfs /dev/da0s1a=C2=A0=C2=A0= =C2=A0 (NB: this device name might be different depending on the devices al= ready available in your system)<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 - mount /dev/da0s1a /mnt<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 - tar xf -C /mnt <path-to>= ;/base.txz<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 - umount /mnt<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0This is from the top of my head, so I might have fo= rgotten something.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Than plugin the USB on your embedded system and at = the prompt type:<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0mountroot> ufs:/dev/da0s1a<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0If it does not work type a "?" question m= ark to see what filesystems are available.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0If you want to persist the FS used as root filesyst= em it depends on the system you are running.<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0You can hardcode the root FS in the kernel you save= d in the SPI RAM. But depending on the system it is also possible to pass t= he rootfs in a variable in loader.conf or some other place from which the k= ernel can read variables.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0What kind of system are you running?<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Hope this helps.<br> > <br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Regards,<br> >=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Ronald.<br> > <br> > <br> > Hi Ronald,<br> > <br> > Thanks for sharing the information, really appreciate it! I will try t= he newfs (newfs /dev/da0s1a) with my USB drive and then afterwards mount it= to the host system. I can't fetch the base system since I'm cross-= compiling a 32-bit MIPS (mipsel) system in an older FreeBSD 11.4 x86_64 rel= ease. I just downloaded the kernel source (/usrc/src). What I have at the m= oment is a successful cross-build of a system using the build command below= ;<br> > <br> > cd /usr/src; make KERNCONF=3DRT305X TARGET=3Dmips TARGET_ARCH=3Dmipsel= kernel-toolchain buildkernel buildworld installkernel installworld distrib= ution DESTDIR=3D/tmp/rt3050<br> > <br> > that instead of using the DESTDIR=3D /tmp/rt3050, I will try replacing= it with a mounted /dev/da0s1a. And then let me also try building without t= he kernel.<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Hi Ronald,</div><div><br></d= iv><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;bord= er-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> Ah, yes, with DESTDIR you will have same effect.<br> Before you can newfs the USB drive you need to partition it using gpart.<br= > Some example usages can be found here: <a href=3D"https://www.freebsd.org/c= gi/man.cgi?gpart(8)#EXAMPLES" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://= www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?gpart(8)#EXAMPLES</a><br> For flash drives it is often a good idea to align on 1M by adding '-a 1= M' to gpart.<br> And GPT is often more simple to use than MBR. As you use the kernel to load= the USB drive I'm pretty sure GPT is supported.<br></blockquote><div><= br></div><div>Thanks for providing further valuable information! These are = the missing pieces of the root filesystem that I want. Maybe I missed somet= hing on GPT with gpart as it doesn't work but with MBR it did.</div><di= v><br></div><div>With GPT,<br><br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart destroy -F da0<br>d= a0 destroyed<br>root@:~ # gpart create -s GPT da0<br>da0 created<br>root@:~= # /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 1M -s 8G da0<br>da0p1 added<br>root@:~= # /sbin/newfs /dev/da0p1<br>/dev/da0p1: 7168.0MB (14680064 sectors) block = size 32768, fragment size 4096<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 using 12 cyli= nder groups of 626.09MB, 20035 blks, 80256 inodes.<br>super-block backups (= for fsck_ffs -b #) at:<br>=C2=A0192, 1282432, 2564672, 3846912, 5129152, 64= 11392, 7693632, 8975872, 10258112, 11540352, 12822592, 14104832<br><br>root= @:~ # gpart show<br>...<br>=3D> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A040 =C2=A015523760 = =C2=A0da0 =C2=A0GPT =C2=A0(7.4G)<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 40 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A02008 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 - free - =C2=A0(1.0M)<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 2048 =C2=A014680064 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A0freebsd-ufs =C2=A0(7.0G= )<br>=C2=A0 14682112 =C2=A0 =C2=A0841688 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 - free - =C2= =A0(411M)<br><br>Upon kernel boot-up, only da0 is present in the list.</div= ><div>...</div><div>mountroot> ?<br><br>List of GEOM managed disk device= s:<br>=C2=A0 da0 flash/spi0<br><br>mountroot> ufs:/dev/da0p1<br>Trying t= o mount root from ufs:/dev/da0p1 []...<br>mountroot: waiting for device /de= v/da0p1...<br>Mounting from ufs:/dev/da0p1 failed with error 19.</div><div>= ...</div><div><br></div><div>With MBR,<br><br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart create = -s MBR da0<br>da0 created<br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd -s 14G da= 0<br>da0s1 added<br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart set -a active -i 1 da0<br>active = set on da0s1<br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot0 da0<br>bootco= de written to da0<br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart create -s BSD -n 20 da0s1<br>da0= s1 created<br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -s 8G da0s1<br>da0s1= a added<br>root@:~ # /sbin/gpart bootcode -b /boot/boot da0s1<br>bootcode w= ritten to da0s1<br>root@:~ #<br>root@:~ # gpart show<br>...<br>=3D> =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A063 =C2=A030031809 =C2=A0da0 =C2=A0MBR =C2=A0(14G)<br>=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 63 =C2=A029360128 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A0freebsd =C2= =A0[active] =C2=A0(14G)<br>=C2=A0 29360191 =C2=A0 =C2=A0671681 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 - free - =C2=A0(328M)<br><br>=3D> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0 =C2= =A029360128 =C2=A0da0s1 =C2=A0BSD =C2=A0(14G)<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A016777216 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A0freebsd-ufs =C2=A0(8= .0G)<br>=C2=A0 16777216 =C2=A012582912 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 - free -= =C2=A0(6.0G)<br><br>root@:~ # /sbin/newfs /dev/da0s1a<br>/dev/da0s1a: 8192= .0MB (16777216 sectors) block size 32768, fragment size 4096<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 using 14 cylinder groups of 626.09MB, 20035 blks, 80256 i= nodes.<br>super-block backups (for fsck_ffs -b #) at:<br>=C2=A0192, 1282432= , 2564672, 3846912, 5129152, 6411392, 7693632, 8975872, 10258112, 11540352,= 12822592, 14104832, 15387072, 16669312<br></div><div><br></div><div>and up= on kernel boot-up,=20 da0s1a slice is detected, that's why it's mountable.</div><div>...<= br> </div><div>mountroot> ?<br><br>List of GEOM managed disk devices:<br>=C2= =A0 da0s1a da0s1 da0 flash/spi0<br><br>mountroot> ufs:/dev/da0s1a<br>Try= ing to mount root from ufs:/dev/da0s1a []...<br>mountroot: unable to remoun= t devfs under /dev (error 2)<br>mountroot: unable to unlink /dev/dev (error= 2)<br>Warning: no time-of-day clock registered, system time will not be se= t accurately<br>start_init: trying /sbin/init<br>...</div><blockquote class= =3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rg= b(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> <br> I had a system on 11.2 which used this option in the kernel config file.<br= > <br> options=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 ROOTDEVNAME=3D\"ufs:/dev/da0s1a\&qu= ot;<br> <br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Thanks to this kernel config option I = added it as it's very useful, once called during kernel boot-up it auto= matically mounts the root filesystem in the USB flash drive. It's like = a binder between the kernel and the root filesystem. <br></div>=C2=A0<block= quote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1= px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> <br> Happy hacking.<br> Let us know if it all works out.<br></blockquote><div><br></div>Yes, thanks= a lot! I've made it. Here's the flow of the booting process from U= -Boot loader up to login. I never touch anything yet on adding the /etc/fst= ab.<br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote= ">U-Boot 1.1.3 Rev 0.3 by WErt(WErt) 4PDA (May 19 2016 - 14:41:04)<br><br>B= oard: Ralink APSoC DRAM: 32 MB<br>******************************<br>Softwar= e System Reset Occurred<br>******************************<br>Ralink SPI fla= sh driver, SPI clock: 15MHz<br>spi device id: c2 20 16 c2 20 (2016c220)<br>= find flash: MX25L3205D<br>..<br>=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br>Ralink U-Boot Version: 5.0.0.5<br>----------------------= ----------------------<br>ASIC 5350_MP (Port5<->None)<br>DRAM_CONF_FR= OM: Boot-Strapping<br>DRAM_TYPE: SDRAM<br>DRAM_SIZE: 256 Mbits<br>DRAM_WIDT= H: 16 bits<br>DRAM_TOTAL_WIDTH: 16 bits<br>TOTAL_MEMORY_SIZE: 32 MBytes<br>= Flash component: SPI Flash<br>Date:May 19 2016 =C2=A0Time:14:41:04<br>=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D<br>icache: sets:256,= ways:4, linesz:32, total:32768<br>dcache: sets:128, ways:4, linesz:32, tot= al:16384<br><br>=C2=A0#### The CPU freq =3D 360 MHZ ####<br>=C2=A0estimate = memory size =3D 32 Mbytes<br><br>Please choose the operation:<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A00: Load system code then write to Flash via Serial.<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A01: L= oad system code to SDRAM via TFTP.<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A02: Load system code then= write to Flash via TFTP.<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A03: Boot system code via Flash (de= fault).<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A04: Enter boot command line interface.<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A05: Load system code then write to Flash via USB Storage.<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A06: Load U-Boot code then write to Flash via USB Storage.<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A07: Load U-Boot code then write to Flash via Serial.<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A08: L= oad U-Boot code to SDRAM via TFTP.<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A09: Load U-Boot code then= write to Flash via TFTP. =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 0 .<br><br><br>3: System Boot system code via Flash.<br>## Check= ing image at bc050000 ...<br>. =C2=A0 Image Name: =C2=A0 FreeBSD Kernel UC = Image8<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0Image Type: =C2=A0 MIPS Linux Kernel Image (uncompre= ssed)<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0Data Size: =C2=A0 =C2=A03675932 Bytes =3D =C2=A03.5 M= B<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0Load Address: 80001100<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0Entry Point: =C2= =A080001100<br>......................................................... = =C2=A0 Verifying Checksum ... OK<br>OK<br>No initrd<br>## Transferring cont= rol to Linux (at address 80001100) ...<br>## Giving linux memsize in MB, 32= <br><br>Starting kernel ...<br><br>U-Boot args (from 0 args):<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 None<br>Environment:<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 memsi= ze=3D32<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 initrd_start=3D0x00000000<br>=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 initrd_size=3D0x0<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 flash= _start=3D0x00000000<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 flash_size=3D0x400000<br= >entry: mips_init()<br>Cache info:<br>=C2=A0 picache_stride =C2=A0 =C2=A0= =3D 4096<br>=C2=A0 picache_loopcount =3D 8<br>=C2=A0 pdcache_stride =C2=A0 = =C2=A0=3D 4096<br>=C2=A0 pdcache_loopcount =3D 4<br>cpu0: MIPS Technologies= processor v76.150<br>=C2=A0 MMU: Standard TLB, 32 entries (4K 16K 64K 256K= 1M 16M 64M 256M pg sizes)<br>=C2=A0 L1 i-cache: 4 ways of 256 sets, 32 byt= es per line<br>=C2=A0 L1 d-cache: 4 ways of 128 sets, 32 bytes per line<br>= =C2=A0 L2 cache: disabled<br>=C2=A0 Config1=3D0xbea3319e<PerfCount,Watch= Regs,MIPS16,EJTAG><br>=C2=A0 Config2=3D0x80000000<br>=C2=A0 Config3=3D0x= 420<br>Physical memory chunk(s):<br>0x3b3000 - 0x1ffffff, 29675520 bytes (7= 245 pages)<br>Maxmem is 0x2000000<br>Copyright (c) 1992-2020 The FreeBSD Pr= oject.<br>Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 199= 3, 1994<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 The Regents of the University of Cal= ifornia. All rights reserved.<br>FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The F= reeBSD Foundation.<br>FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE #20: Fri Oct 14 15:25:17 UTC 202= 2<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 root@:/usr/obj/mips.mipsel/usr/src/sys/RT5350_USB mips<b= r>gcc version 4.2.1 20070831 patched [FreeBSD]<br>Preloaded elf kernel &quo= t;kernel" at 0x803acf50.<br>real memory =C2=A0=3D 33554432 (32768K byt= es)<br>Physical memory chunk(s):<br>0x0043f000 - 0x01f44fff, 28336128 bytes= (6918 pages)<br>avail memory =3D 27901952 (26MB)<br>ULE: setup cpu 0<br>ra= ndom: entropy device external interface<br>null: <full device, null devi= ce, zero device><br>mem: <memory><br>nexus0: <MIPS32 root nexus= ><br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from nexus0<br>clock0: = <Generic MIPS32 ticker> on nexus0<br>Timecounter "MIPS32" f= requency 180000000 Hz quality 800<br>Event timer "MIPS32" frequen= cy 180000000 Hz quality 800<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) = from clock0<br>obio0 at mem 0x10000000-0x1fffffff on nexus0<br>rt305x_sysct= l0: <RT305X System Control driver> at mem 0x10000000-0x100000ff irq 0= on obio0<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Chip ID: "RT5350 =C2=A0"= <br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 SYSCTL_SYSCFG=3D0x103000<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 = bytes (4 bits) from rt305x_sysctl0<br>rt305x_ic0: <RT305X Interrupt Cont= roller driver> at mem 0x10000200-0x100002ff on obio0<br>random: harvesti= ng attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from rt305x_ic0<br>uart0: <rt305x_uart> a= t mem 0x10000500-0x100005ff irq 5 on obio0<br>uart0: fast interrupt<br>uart= 0: PPS capture mode: DCDinvalid<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bi= ts) from uart0<br>spi0: <RT305X SPI> at mem 0x10000b00-0x10000bff on = obio0<br>spibus0: <SPI bus> on spi0<br>mx25l0: <M25Pxx Flash Famil= y> at cs 0 mode 0 on spibus0<br>mx25l0: device type mx25ll32, size 4096K= in 64 sectors of 64K, erase size 64K<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes= (4 bits) from mx25l0<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from s= pibus0<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from spi0<br>uart1: &= lt;rt305x_uart> at mem 0x10000c00-0x10000cff irq 12 on obio0<br>uart1: c= onsole (115200,n,8,1)<br>uart1: fast interrupt<br>uart1: PPS capture mode: = DCDinvalid<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from uart1<br>ehc= i0: <Ralink integrated USB 2.0 controller> at mem 0x101c0000-0x101c0f= ff irq 18 on obio0<br>usbus0: EHCI version 1.0<br>usbus0 on ehci0<br>ehci0:= usbpf: Attached<br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from usbus0= <br>random: harvesting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from ehci0<br>random: harve= sting attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from obio0<br>rt0: <Ralink RT5350 onChip = Ethernet driver> at mem 0x10100000-0x1010ffff irq 3 on nexus0<br>rt0: RT= 5350 Ethernet MAC (rev 0x00000000)<br>rt0: use hardcoded 00:18:e7:d5:83:90 = macaddr<br>rt0: Ethernet address: 00:18:e7:d5:83:90<br>random: harvesting a= ttach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from rt0<br>Device configuration finished.<br>Timec= ounters tick every 10.000 msec<br>tcp_init: net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize auto t= uned to 512<br>GEOM: new disk flash/spi0<br>usbus0: 480Mbps High Speed USB = v2.0<br>Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/da0s1a []...<br>Root mount waiti= ng for: usbus0<br>ugen0.1: <Ralink EHCI root HUB> at usbus0<br>uhub0:= <Ralink EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0<b= r>uhub0: 1 port with 1 removable, self powered<br>random: harvesting attach= , 8 bytes (4 bits) from uhub0<br>Root mount waiting for: usbus0<br>Root mou= nt waiting for: usbus0<br>ugen0.2: <SanDisk Ultra Fit> at usbus0<br>u= mass0 on uhub0<br>umass0: <SanDisk Ultra Fit, class 0/0, rev 2.10/1.00, = addr 2> on usbus0<br>umass0:0:0: Attached to scbus0<br>random: harvestin= g attach, 8 bytes (4 bits) from umass0<br>mountroot: waiting for device /de= v/da0s1a...<br>pass0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0<br>pass0: &l= t;SanDisk Ultra Fit 1.00> Removable Direct Access SPC-4 SCSI device<br>p= ass0: Serial Number 4C530000070424102200<br>pass0: 40.000MB/s transfers<br>= GEOM: new disk da0<br>da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0<br>da0:= <SanDisk Ultra Fit 1.00> Removable Direct Access SPC-4 SCSI device<b= r>da0: Serial Number 4C530000070424102200<br>da0: 40.000MB/s transfers<br>d= a0: 14664MB (30031872 512 byte sectors)<br>da0: quirks=3D0x2<NO_6_BYTE&g= t;<br>da0: Delete methods: <NONE(*),ZERO><br>Warning: no time-of-day = clock registered, system time will not be set accurately<br>start_init: try= ing /sbin/init<br>Setting hostuuid: 4e22d8d6-4bce-11ed-b0aa-0018e7d58390.<b= r>Setting hostid: 0x351daf11.<br>eval: cannot open /etc/fstab: No such file= or directory<br>fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory<br>Warning!= No /etc/fstab: skipping disk checks.<br>fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file = or directory<br>Mounting local filesystems:fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such fil= e or directory<br>.<br>ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat<br>= random: unblocking device.<br>/etc/rc: WARNING: $hostname is not set -- see= rc.conf(5).<br>Setting up harvesting: [UMA],[FS_ATIME],SWI,INTERRUPT,NET_N= G,NET_ETHER,NET_TUN,MOUSE,KEYBOARD,ATTACH,CACHED<br>Feeding entropy: .<br>l= o0: link state changed to UP<br>Starting Network: lo0.<br>lo0: flags=3D8049= <UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 options=3D680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSU= M_IPV6><br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000= <br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 groups: lo<br>Starting devd.<br>add host <a= href=3D"http://127.0.0.1">127.0.0.1</a>: gateway lo0 fib 0: route already = in table<br>fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory<br>fstab: /etc/f= stab:0: No such file or directory<br>Creating and/or trimming log files.<br= >Starting syslogd.<br>Clearing /tmp (X related).<br>Updating motd:.<br>Moun= ting late filesystems:fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory<br>.<b= r>fstab: /etc/fstab:0: No such file or directory<br>Starting sendmail_submi= t.<br>Starting sendmail_msp_queue.<br>Starting cron.<br>eval: cannot open /= etc/fstab: No such file or directory<br>Starting background file system che= cks in 60 seconds.<br><br>Fri Oct 14 20:17<br>FreeBSD/mips (Amnesiac) (ttyu= 1)<br><br>login: root<br>Last login: Fri Oct 14 16:15:17 on ttyu1<br>Oct 14= 20:49:08 =C2=A0login: ROOT LOGIN (root) ON ttyu1<br>FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE (= RT5350_USB) #20: Fri Oct 14 15:25:17 UTC 2022<br><br>Welcome to FreeBSD!<br= ><br>Release Notes, Errata: <a href=3D"https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/">h= ttps://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/</a><br>Security Advisories: =C2=A0 <a href= =3D"https://www.FreeBSD.org/security/">https://www.FreeBSD.org/security/</a= ><br>FreeBSD Handbook: =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0<a href=3D"https://www.FreeBSD.o= rg/handbook/">https://www.FreeBSD.org/handbook/</a><br>FreeBSD FAQ: =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"https://www.FreeBSD.org/faq/">https:= //www.FreeBSD.org/faq/</a><br>Questions List: <a href=3D"https://lists.Free= BSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-questions/">https://lists.FreeBSD.org/mail= man/listinfo/freebsd-questions/</a><br>FreeBSD Forums: =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0<a href=3D"https://forums.FreeBSD.org/">https://forums.FreeBSD.org/<= /a><br><br>Documents installed with the system are in the /usr/local/share/= doc/freebsd/<br>directory, or can be installed later with: =C2=A0pkg instal= l en-freebsd-doc<br>For other languages, replace "en" with a lang= uage code like de or fr.<br><br>Show the version of FreeBSD installed: =C2= =A0freebsd-version ; uname -a<br>Please include that output and any error m= essages when posting questions.<br>Introduction to manual pages: =C2=A0man = man<br>FreeBSD directory layout: =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0man hier<br><br>Edit /= etc/motd to change this login announcement.<br>root@:~ #<br>root@:~ # uname= -a<br>FreeBSD =C2=A011.4-RELEASE FreeBSD 11.4-RELEASE #20: Fri Oct 14 15:2= 5:17 UTC 2022 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 root@:/usr/obj/mips.mipsel/usr/src/sys/RT5350_U= SB =C2=A0mips</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail= _quote">I tried adding an IP address to the rt0 network interface including= default and it works as well.</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div><d= iv class=3D"gmail_quote">root@:~ # ifconfig<br>rt0: flags=3D8802<BROADCA= ST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 o= ptions=3Db<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU><br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 eth= er 00:18:e7:d5:83:90<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 hwaddr 00:18:e7:d5:83:9= 0<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 media: Ethernet 100baseTX <full-duplex&= gt;<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 status: active<br>lo0: flags=3D8049<U= P,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= =C2=A0 options=3D680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6= ><br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000<br>= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 groups: lo<br>root@:~ #<br>root@:~ # ifconfig r= t0 inet 192.168.1.215 netmask 255.255.255.0<br>root@:~ # ifconfig rt0<br>rt= 0: flags=3D8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu = 1500<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 options=3Db<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU&g= t;<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 ether 00:18:e7:d5:83:90<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 hwaddr 00:18:e7:d5:83:90<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 inet = 192.168.1.215 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 media: Ethernet 100baseTX <full-duplex><br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 status: active<br>root@:~ #<br>root@:~ # route add -inet = default 192.168.1.1<br>add net default: gateway 192.168.1.1<br>root@:~ # ne= tstat -rn<br>Routing tables<br><br>Internet:<br>Destination =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0Gateway =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0Flags =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 Netif Expire<br>default =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0192= .168.1.1 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0UGS =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 rt0<br>= 127.0.0.1 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0link#2 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 UH =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0lo0<br><a href=3D"ht= tp://192.168.1.0/24">192.168.1.0/24</a> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 link#1 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 U =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 rt0<br>192= .168.1.215 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0link#1 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 UHS =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 lo0<br>root@:~ #<br>root@:~ # tracer= oute 216.58.200.238 <--------- <a href=3D"http://google.com">google.com<= /a> IP<br>traceroute to 216.58.200.238 (216.58.200.238), 64 hops max, 40 by= te packets<br>=C2=A01 =C2=A0<a href=3D"http://smartbrosettings.net">smartbr= osettings.net</a> (192.168.1.1) =C2=A01.727 ms =C2=A00.888 ms =C2=A00.786 m= s<br>=C2=A02 =C2=A0* * *<br>=C2=A03 =C2=A0* * *<br>=C2=A04 =C2=A0* * *<br>= =C2=A05 =C2=A0* * *<br>=C2=A06 =C2=A027.110.255.33 (27.110.255.33) =C2=A035= .536 ms =C2=A026.458 ms =C2=A015.635 ms<br>=C2=A07 =C2=A0<a href=3D"http://= 210.213.130.15.static.pldt.net">210.213.130.15.static.pldt.net</a> (210.213= .130.15) =C2=A017.515 ms<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://210.213.130.13.= static.pldt.net">210.213.130.13.static.pldt.net</a> (210.213.130.13) =C2=A0= 18.300 ms<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://210.213.130.15.static.pldt.net= ">210.213.130.15.static.pldt.net</a> (210.213.130.15) =C2=A018.509 ms<br>= =C2=A08 =C2=A0<a href=3D"http://210.213.130.7.static.pldt.net">210.213.130.= 7.static.pldt.net</a> (210.213.130.7) =C2=A057.830 ms =C2=A060.194 ms<br>= =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://210.213.130.97.static.pldt.net">210.213.130= .97.static.pldt.net</a> (210.213.130.97) =C2=A051.395 ms<br>=C2=A09 =C2=A07= 4.125.118.24 (74.125.118.24) =C2=A071.609 ms<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 72.14.195.168= (72.14.195.168) =C2=A060.027 ms =C2=A044.248 ms<br>10 =C2=A0* * *<br>11 = =C2=A066.249.94.222 (66.249.94.222) =C2=A061.563 ms<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 142.25= 1.245.20 (142.251.245.20) =C2=A061.087 ms =C2=A065.270 ms<br>12 =C2=A0108.1= 70.241.112 (108.170.241.112) =C2=A058.601 ms =C2=A042.972 ms<br>=C2=A0 =C2= =A0 108.170.241.80 (108.170.241.80) =C2=A077.755 ms<br>13 =C2=A0209.85.250.= 133 (209.85.250.133) =C2=A063.080 ms<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://hkg= 07s47-in-f14.1e100.net">hkg07s47-in-f14.1e100.net</a> (216.58.200.238) =C2= =A073.084 ms =C2=A086.918 ms<br>root@:~ #<br>root@:~ # ping -c 5 216.58.200= .238<br>PING 216.58.200.238 (216.58.200.238): 56 data bytes<br>64 bytes fro= m <a href=3D"http://216.58.200.238">216.58.200.238</a>: icmp_seq=3D0 ttl=3D= 55 time=3D60.700 ms<br>64 bytes from <a href=3D"http://216.58.200.238">216.= 58.200.238</a>: icmp_seq=3D1 ttl=3D55 time=3D62.175 ms<br>64 bytes from <a = href=3D"http://216.58.200.238">216.58.200.238</a>: icmp_seq=3D2 ttl=3D55 ti= me=3D58.768 ms<br>64 bytes from <a href=3D"http://216.58.200.238">216.58.20= 0.238</a>: icmp_seq=3D3 ttl=3D55 time=3D57.592 ms<br>64 bytes from <a href= =3D"http://216.58.200.238">216.58.200.238</a>: icmp_seq=3D4 ttl=3D55 time= =3D61.002 ms<br><br>--- 216.58.200.238 ping statistics ---<br>5 packets tra= nsmitted, 5 packets received, 0.0% packet loss<br>round-trip min/avg/max/st= ddev =3D 57.592/60.047/62.175/1.645 ms<br>root@:~ #</div><div class=3D"gmai= l_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote">Checking the default running = processes.<br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmai= l_quote">root@:~ # top -S<br>last pid: =C2=A0 641; =C2=A0load averages: =C2= =A00.31, =C2=A00.33, =C2=A00.37 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 up 0+00:39:46 =C2=A020:55:54<br>27 processes: =C2=A02 running= , 24 sleeping, 1 waiting<br>CPU: =C2=A00.4% user, =C2=A00.0% nice, =C2=A00.= 9% system, =C2=A00.0% interrupt, 98.7% idle<br>Mem: 10M Active, 7120K Inact= , 8948K Wired, 3100K Buf, 1088K Free<br>Swap:<br><br>=C2=A0 PID USERNAME = =C2=A0 =C2=A0THR PRI NICE =C2=A0 SIZE =C2=A0 =C2=A0RES STATE =C2=A0 =C2=A0T= IME =C2=A0 =C2=A0WCPU COMMAND<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A010 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A01 155 ki31 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K RUN =C2=A0 =C2=A0= 38:00 =C2=A098.89% idle<br>=C2=A0 641 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A01 =C2=A020 =C2=A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A07912K =C2=A02624K RUN =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A00:00 =C2=A0 0.82% top<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A011 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A09 -52 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A072K WAIT =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 0:03 =C2=A0 0.22% intr<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 4 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K - = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:01 =C2=A0 0.03% rand_harvestq<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0= 0 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A07 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A056K swapin =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.03% kernel<br>=C2=A0 = =C2=A0 9 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A03 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0= =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A024K psleep =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% pagedaemon<br>= =C2=A0 =C2=A018 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A016 =C2=A0 = =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K syncer =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% s= yncer<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A015 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0= 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% bufspacedaemon<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A016 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K psl= eep =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% bufdaemon<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A017 root =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0= 8K vlruwt =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% vnlru<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A013 root =C2=A0 = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A05 -68 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2= =A040K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:01 =C2=A0 0.00% usb<br>=C2=A0 615 roo= t =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A020 =C2=A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A07288K = =C2=A02624K pause =C2=A0 =C2=A00:01 =C2=A0 0.00% csh<br>=C2=A0 535 root =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A020 =C2=A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A09756K =C2=A0= 3020K select =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% sendmail<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A012 root =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A03 =C2=A0-8 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K = =C2=A0 =C2=A024K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 0.00% geom<br>=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 2 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A02 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A016K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 = 0.00% cam<br>=C2=A0 585 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A021 = =C2=A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A06896K =C2=A01676K wait =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00%= login<br>=C2=A0 336 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A020 =C2= =A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A06268K =C2=A01220K select =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% syslogd= <br>=C2=A0 542 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A037 =C2=A0 =C2= =A00 =C2=A06304K =C2=A01152K nanslp =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% cron<br>=C2=A0= =C2=A0 1 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A022 =C2=A0 =C2=A00 = =C2=A05504K =C2=A0 492K wait =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% init<br>=C2=A0= 538 smmsp =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 1 =C2=A020 =C2=A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A09756= K =C2=A01668K pause =C2=A0 =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 0.00% sendmail<br>=C2=A0 278 r= oot =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 =C2=A020 =C2=A0 =C2=A00 =C2=A07084K= =C2=A0 460K select =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% devd<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 5 root = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 8K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 0.00% soaiod1<br>=C2= =A0 =C2=A0 8 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 = 0.00% soaiod4<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 6 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -= 16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K - =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 = =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 0.00% soaiod2<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 7 root =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2=A0 8K - = =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A00:00 =C2=A0 0.00% soaiod3<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A014 roo= t =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 155 ki31 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0 =C2= =A0 8K pgzero =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% pagezero<br>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 3 root =C2= =A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A01 -16 =C2=A0 =C2=A0- =C2=A0 =C2=A0 0K =C2=A0= =C2=A0 8K mx25jq =C2=A0 0:00 =C2=A0 0.00% task: mx25l flash</div><div clas= s=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote">This device is the M= 1 router (a.k.a. 11V-5A or A5-V11) with Ralink RT5350F SoC 360Mhz CPU with = built-in USB port, Wi-Fi and an Ethernet LAN card. It has a default Linux 2= .6 OS with busybox accessible via telnet. It has been described here from O= penWRT <a href=3D"https://openwrt.org/toh/unbranded/a5-v11">https://openwrt= .org/toh/unbranded/a5-v11</a>. It's as little as a cigarette lighter ha= ving 6cm. x 2cm. board dimension.</div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div= ><div class=3D"gmail_quote">Again, thanks a lot Ronald!</div><div class=3D"= gmail_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote">Best regards,</div><div c= lass=3D"gmail_quote">Archimedes<br> </div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></= div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></d= iv><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><br></div></div> --00000000000032d0fe05eb0c00cd--
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